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DISTINCT syntax
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Section 1
(50 cards)
DISTINCT syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column_name, column_name, ... FROM table_name;
IN Clause
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause. where table.column is in: set{blah1,blah2,....}
Example syntax of SELECT TOP
SELECT TOP example syntax: SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s) FROM table_name;
What is the UNION operator used for?
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.
How do you separate the duplicate Values from a Column?
You can list only the different (distinct) values, using the DISTINCT Statement
What is the WHERE Clause used for?
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.
What does the FULL OUTER JOIN keyword return?
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1) and from the right table (table2).
Example of INSERT INTO statement
INSERT INTO Example: INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...); INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...) VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
Example of FULL OUTER JOIN syntax:
Example of FULL OUTER JOIN syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
Does the UNION operator needs to have the same number of columns?
Yes, the UNION operator needs to have the same number of columns. Notice that each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the same number of columns AND datatypes
What is the purpose of WHERE in the DELETE statement?
The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted.
Can you have ORDER by Desc value?
Yes, To sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.
What does the RIGHT JOIN do?
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table (table2), with the matching rows in the left table (table1). returns vals on
What happens if there is no match on the left side with the RIGHT JOIN?
NULL - The result is NULL in the left side when there is no match.
What is CRUD?
Create, Read, Update Delete
What is the function of the Semicolon in SQL?
separates each SQL statement
Besides UNION needing to have the same number of columns is there anything else that needs to be similar?
Data TYPES, and Order Yes, The columns must also have similar data types. Also, the columns in each SELECT statement must be in the same order.
Example of Aliases (AS) syntax:
Example of Aliases (AS) syntax: SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name; SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;
Example of UPDATE statement
Update Example: UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value;
What are the AND/OR Operators used for?
The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
What happens on the LEFT JOIN if there is no match in the right side?
NULL - The result is NULL in the right side when there is no match.
Example of INSERT INTO syntax:
Example of INSERT INTO syntax: INSERT INTO table2 SELECT * FROM table1; INSERT INTO table2 (column_name(s)) SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1;
In an INSERT INTO are all rows affected?
No, Any existing rows in the target table are unaffected.
What is the LIKE Operator used for?
The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column containing a string
Example of RIGHT JOIN syntax:
Example of RIGHT JOIN syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
What is the ORDER BY Keyword used for?
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns. SELECT column_name, column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC, column_name ASC|DESC;
WHERE clause syntax:
WHERE Syntax: SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value;
What happens if you use the UPDATE statement without the WHERE?
All Records are updated.
Example of LEFT JOIN syntax:
Example of LEFT JOIN syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
What is the INNER JOIN keyword do?
The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a match between the columns in both tables.
What is the SELECT TOP Clause used for?
The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to return.
What is the SELECT Statement Syntax?
SELECT column_name, column_name FROM table_name;
What is the BETWEEN operator do?
The BETWEEN operator selects numerical values within a range.
What happens if you omit the WHERE clause in the DELETE statement?
If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
Example of INNER JOIN keyword:
Example of INNER JOIN keyword: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name; SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
What is the default order in the ORDER keyword?
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default.
What does the LEFT JOIN do?
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1), with the matching rows in the right table (table2). Will return null if no vals found in right
Example of OR operator
Example of OR Syntax: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');
What are the values that BETWEEN operator can handle?
Numbers, Text, or Dates. The values handled by the BETWEEN operator can be numbers, text, or dates.
How do you separate the duplicate Values from a Column?
You can list only the different (distinct) values, using the DISTINCT Statement
Example of SELECT INTO syntax:
Example of SELECT INTO syntax: SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1; SELECT column_name(s) INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;
What does the SELECT INTO do?
The SELECT INTO statement selects data from one table and inserts it into a new table.
Is the FULL OUTER JOIN a combination of both LEFT and RIGHT join?
Yes, The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and RIGHT joins.
What are the Aliases (AS) used for?
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a temporary name.
Example of LIKE operator syntax
LIKE operator syntax example: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...); SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
Example of BETWEEN operator syntax:
BETWEEN operator syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Are SQL queries case sensitive?
SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive
Example of UNION syntax:
Example of UNION syntax: SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Why are all Records updated if you omit the WHERE in the UPDATE Statement?u
The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
What does the INSERT INTO do?
The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table and inserts it into an existing table.
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How is the type TIMESTAMP in SQL structured?
The type TIMESTAMP is formatted like: A Unique Number
Example of NOT NULL Syntax:
Example of NOT NULL Syntax: CREATE TABLE PersonsNotNull ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
What are SQL constraints used for?
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
What happens with a constraint violation?
action is aborted
Example of CREATE DATABASE syntax:
Example of CREATE DATABASE syntax: CREATE DATABASE dbname;
Where will the DEFAULT constrain add the values?
The default value will be added to all new records, if no other value is specified.
What is a FOREIGN KEY?
points to a PRIMARY KEY of another table.
What is the CREATE INDEX used for?
The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables.
How is the type DATE in SQL structured?
The type DATE is formatted like: YYYY-MM-DD
Does SQL Dates come already with some predefined types for defining and storing a date or a date / time value?
Yes, there are some already predefined date types.
So if there is a delay on updating a table with index when should we used indexes?
You should only create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched against.
What is a View?
A view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement
What is the ALTER statement used for?
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table.
What does the UNIQUE Constraint do?
applies constraint that each value in specified column must be unique
What are the INDEXES used for?
Indexes allow the database application to find data fast; without reading the whole table.
How would you remove a column in a table with ALTER?
To remove a column in a table, use the following syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
Example of a CREATE VIEW syntax:
Example of a CREATE VIEW syntax: CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
Example of UDPATE VIEW syntax:
Example of UDPATE VIEW syntax: CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
What does the NOT NULL Constraint do?
enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values
When creating a table how are tables organized?
Tables are organized into rows and columns; and each table must have a name.
Example of DROP Syntax:
Example of DROP Syntax: DROP INDEX table_name.index_name DROP DATABASE database_name
Example of DEFAULT constraint syntax:
Example of DEFAULT constraint syntax: CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes' );
Why would we use the AUTO INCREMENT?
Automatically create the value of Primary Key Very often we would like the value of the primary key field to be created automatically every time a new record is inserted.
What does a VIEW contain?
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table.
Does a PRIMARY KEY Constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint?
Yes, A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.
Can you add SQL functions to a view?
Yes, You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming from one single table.
What are the types of Data types for storing a date or a date / time value in a database?
There are some types for storing a date or date / time value in the database: DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number
What is the most difficult part of working with SQL dates?
The most difficult part when working with dates is to be sure that the format of the date you are trying to insert, matches the format of the date column in the database.
What is the DEFAULT Constraint used for?
The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default value into a column.
Is the update time of a table with indexes the same as the update time without indexes?
No, the update time is not the same, Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update).
Example of CREATE INDEX syntax:
Example of CREATE INDEX syntax: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
Example of a PRIMARY KEY syntax:
Example of a PRIMARY KEY syntax: CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
How would you add a column in a table with ALTER?
To add a column in a table, use the following syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype
How many primary keys can a table have?
one
Can you INSERT / UPDATE a new record on a NOT NULL without adding a value to this field?
No, this is the whole point of NOT NULL, This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value to this field.
What does the AUTO INCREMENT used for?
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated when a new record is inserted into a table.
How is the type SMALLDATETIME in SQL structured?
The type SMALLDATETIME is formatted like: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
Example of creating a table Syntax:
Example of creating a table Syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type(size), column_name2 data_type(size), column_name3 data_type(size), .... );
What do Null Values represent?
NULL values represent missing unknown data. By default, a table column can hold NULL values
Example of a SQL Constrain syntax:
Example of a SQL Constrain syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type(size) constraint_name, column_name2 data_type(size) constraint_name, column_name3 data_type(size) constraint_name, .... );
Example of a FOREIGN KEY Syntax
Example of a FOREIGN KEY Syntax CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL, OrderNo int NOT NULL, P_Id int, PRIMARY KEY (O_Id), FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id) )
Can SQL Constraints be specified when a table is Created?
Yes, Constraints can be specified when the table is created (inside the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (inside the ALTER TABLE statement).
CHECK Constrain on a Single Column:
If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only certain values for this column.
Example of AUTO INCREMENT syntax:
Example of AUTO INCREMENT syntax: CREATE TABLE Persons ( ID int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
What is the CHECK Constraint used for?
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column.
How is the type DATETIME in SQL structured?
The type DATETIME is formatted like: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
What happens if you define a CHECK constraint on a table?
If you define a CHECK constraint on a table it can limit the values in certain columns based on values in other columns in the row.
Example of UNIQUE Constrain Syntax:
Example of UNIQUE Constrain Syntax: CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL UNIQUE, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
What is the DROP statement used for?
Indexes, tables, and databases can easily be deleted/removed with the DROP statement.
Example of CHECK constraint Syntax:
Example of CHECK constraint Syntax: CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0), LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
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Data Type: Real
Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 7 real
What does the First Function Return?
The FIRST() function returns the first value of the selected column. Only in MS Access
Example of HAVING Function Syntax:
Example of HAVING Function Syntax: SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;
What does the Sum Function Return?
The SUM() function returns the SUM of the values of the selected column.
Example of mid Syntax:
Example of mid Syntax: SELECT MID(column_name,start,length) AS some_name FROM table_name;
Data Type: Aray
A set-length and ordered collection of elements
What is the Mid Function used for?
The MID() function is used to extract characters from a text field.
Example of Sum Function Syntax:
Example of Sum Function Syntax: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
What is a Subquery?
A subquery is a SQL query nested inside a larger query.
Data Type: Timestamp
Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and second values timestamp
What does a Count Function Return?
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.
Example of an Average Function Syntax:
Example of an Average Function Syntax: SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
AVG()
average of numeric column for several rows
Example of Length syntax
Example of Length syntax SELECT LENGTH(column_name) FROM table_name;
What is the Round Function used for?
The ROUND() function is used to round a numeric field to the number of decimals specified.
Example of First Function Syntax:
Example of First Function Syntax: SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name;
What does the Lower Case Function do?
The LCASE() function converts the value of a field to lowercase.
Data Type: Time
Stores hour, minute, and second values time
Example of LAST Function Syntax
Example of LAST Function Syntax SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name;
Data Type: Decimal
Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. Example: decimal(5,2) is a number that has 3 digits before the decimal and 2 digits after the decimal. decimal(6,2)
What does the Now Function return?
The NOW() function returns the current system date and time.
Example of Round Function Syntax:
Example of Round Function Syntax: SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name;
Example of a Subquery Syntax
Example of a Subquery Syntax SELECT a.studentid, a.name, b.total_marks FROM student a, marks b WHERE a.studentid = b.studentid AND b.total_marks > (SELECT total_marks FROM marks WHERE studentid = 'V002');
'Having' is used by why kind of SQL?
aggregate functions
What does the Last Function Return?
The LAST() function returns the last value of the selected column. Only in MS Access
Data Type: Binary Object
Binary string. Fixed-length n Syntax: Blob Text Fixed Length Syntax: Binary (fixed up to 8K) Varbinary (<8K) Image (<2GB)
What is a Intersect?
A Intersect is the Same as INNER JOIN
Where is the Group By Function used?
The GROUP BY statement is used in conjunction with the aggregate functions to group the result-set by one or more columns.
Example of LCASE syntax:
Example of LCASE syntax: SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;
Data Type: Variable Character
Character string. Variable length. Maximum length n varchar(n)
What if a column in a table is Optional?
If a column in a table is optional, we can insert a new record or update an existing record without adding a value to this column. This means that the field will be saved with a NULL value.
What does the Min Function Return?
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
Example of NULL syntax:
Example of NULL syntax: SELECT LastName,FirstName,Address FROM Persons WHERE Address IS NULL SELECT LastName,FirstName,Address FROM Persons WHERE Address IS NOT NULL
Data Type: Date
Stores year, month, and day values date
Example of UCASE Function Syntax:
Example of UCASE Function Syntax: SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example of Now Function Syntax
Example of Now Function Syntax SELECT NOW() FROM table_name;
Data Type: Integer
Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision p int
What does the Max Function Return?
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.
Why was the HAVING Function added to SQL?
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
How is the Round Function processed? is there any rule to be aware of?
IEEE 754, Many database systems have adopted the IEEE 754 standard for arithmetic operations, according to which the default rounding behavior is "round half to even." In this scheme, .5 is rounded to the nearest even integer. So, both 11.5 and 12.5 would be rounded to 12.
Data Type: Float
Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 16 float
Data Type: Character
Character string. Fixed-length n char(n)
Example of MAX Function Syntax:
Example of MAX Function Syntax: SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example of MIN function Syntax:
Example of MIN function Syntax: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
Data Type: Boolean
Stores TRUE or FALSE values boolean
Example of GROUP by Function Syntax:
Example of GROUP by Function Syntax: SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name;
What is the Length Function used for?
The LEN() function returns the length of the value in a text field.
What is the Format Function used for?
The FORMAT() function is used to format how a field is to be displayed. SELECT FORMAT(column_name,format) FROM table_name;
What does a COUNT(column_name) function Return?
The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values (NULL values will not be counted) of the specified column
Example of a COUNT function syntax:
Example of a COUNT function syntax: SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
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What is the result of a FULL JOIN?
The result of a FULL JOIN is equivalent to performing a UNION of the results of left and right outer queries. ex: Produces the set of all records in Table A and Table B, with matching records from both sides if available. If no match, missing side will contain null.
What does the SIGN(x) return?
Returns the sign of input x as -1,0,1
Is there more than one way to specify a CROSS JOIN?
Yes, a CROSS JOIN can either be specified using the CROSS JOIN syntax ("explicit join notation") or (b) listing the tables in the FROM clause separated by commas without using a WHERE clause to supply join criteria ("implicit join notation").
What will the RIGHT JOIN give if the ON clause doesn't match any records in the left table?
If the ON clause doesn't match any records in the left table, the RIGHT JOIN will still return a row in the result for that record in the right table, but with NULL in each column from the left table.
What is a Schema?
A schema is a collection of database objects (tables) associated with one particular database username.
COUNT(*) - Aggregate fxn
Returns the number of rows in a table
Is a LEFT JOIN the same as LEFT OUTER JOIN?
Yes, a left join can also be referred as a left outer join
What is Data type: char(size)
It's the Fixed-length character string. Size specified in parentheses. 255
What does a RIGHT JOIN Return?
A RIGHT JOIN Returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table. This is the exact opposite of a LEFT JOIN;
What will be the result of a LEFT JOIN if the ON clause doesn't match any records in the right table?
If the ON clause doesn't match any records in the right table, the LEFT JOIN will still return a row in the result for that record in the left table, but with NULL in each column from the right table.
Could you say that a FULL JOIN is a combination of the LEFT AND RIGHT JOIN?
Yes, Conceptually, a FULL JOIN combines the effect of applying both a LEFT JOIN and a RIGHT JOIN;
When do you want to use an Intersect?
Use an Intersect to return only values that are in the first query AND also in the second query.
What does the ABS(x) return?
Returns the absolute value of x
COUNT- Aggregate fxn
Returns the total number of values in a given column
What does a FULL JOIN return?
A FULL JOIN Returns all rows for which there is a match in EITHER of the tables.
Example of HAVING clause, GROUP BY syntax
Example of HAVING clause, GROUP BY syntax SELECT column1, SUM(column2) FROM "list-of-tables" GROUP BY "column-list" HAVING "condition";
HAVING clause, GROUP BY
Allows you to specify conditions on the rows for each group- in other words, which rows should be selected will be based on the conditions you specify needs to follow GROUP BY clause
What will be the results of a RIGHT JOIN
The results of a RIGHT JOIN will contain all records from the right table, even if the JOIN condition doesn't find any matching records in the left table.
Is a FULL JOIN the same as FULL OUTER JOIN?
Yes, a FULL JOIN is the same as FULL OUTER JOIN
What is the default type of join if no specific JOIN type is specified?
Inner Join, This is the default type of join if no specific JOIN type is specified.
What is the DELETE statement used for?
The DELETE statement is used to delete records or rows from the table
What does the MAX Return?
Returns the largest value in a given column
Can you use an <= less than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an <= less than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
What does UNION do?
UNION merges the contents of two structurally-compatible tables into a single combined table.
What are the different types of JOIN clauses supported by the ANSI- standard?
(1) Inner Join (2) Left Join (3) Right Join (4) Full Join (5) Cross Join
What will be the results of a LEFT JOIN?
the results of a LEFT JOIN, will contain all records from the left table, even if the JOIN condition doesn't find any matching records in the right table.
What is a Data type: number(size)
Number value with a max number of column digits specified in parenthesis.
What does the FLOOR(x) return?
Returns the largest integer value that is less than or equal to x
Example of an INSERT INTO statement
Example of an INSERT INTO statement insert into "tablename" (first_column,...last_column) values (first_value,...last_value);
Mathematical Functions
Mathematical Functions Include: +, -, *, /, %
What does the CEILING(x), CEIL(x) return?
Returns the smallest integer value that is greater than or equal to x
What does the MOD(x,y) return?
Modulo- returns the integer remainder of x divided by y (same as x%y)
What does a CROSS JOIN return?
A CROSS JOIN returns all records where each row from the first table is combined with each row from the second table (i.e., returns the Cartesian product of the sets of rows from the joined tables).
Can you use an LIKE as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an LIKE as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
Can you use an > greater than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an > greater than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
Can you use an >= greater or equal than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an >= greater or equal than as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
What does the MIN Return?
Returns the smallest value in a given column
What does a LEFT JOIN return?
A left join returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table;
Can you use an <> not equal as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an <> not equal as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
What is a Data type: varchar(size)
Variable-length character string. Max size is specified in parenthesis.
Describe an Inner Join
A inner join is a simple join that returns all rows for which there is at least one match in BOTH tables.
Conditional selections used in the where clause for SELECT
= Equal > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal <= Less than or equal <> Not equal to LIKE
Example of a JOIN syntax
If you have a Table A and a Table B SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA."col" = TableB."col" produces only the set of records that match in both A and B
What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
The difference between UNION and UNION ALL is that UNION will omit duplicate records whereas UNION ALL will include duplicate records.
In a Schema what is a Database Username
This username is called the schema owner, or the owner of the related group of objects.
What does limit the user access to the Database?
The user access is limited by the user's privileges within the database, the user has control over objects that are created, manipulated, and deleted.
Can you use an = equal as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause?
Yes, you can use an = equal as a conditional selection for the SELECT clause
When a user creates an Object did he just created his own Schema?
Yes, Basically, any user who creates an object has just created his or her own schema.
Can you have multiple Schemas in a Database?
Yes, You may have one or multiple schemas in a database.
Data type: number (size,d)
Number value with a maximum number of digits of "size" total, with a max number of "d" digits to the right of the decimal.
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