a consumer decision-making process used when purchasing products occasionally or needing information about an unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category
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Social Class
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an open group of individuals with similar social rank
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Personality
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a set of internal traits and distinct behavioral tendencies that result in consistent patterns of behavior in certain situations
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Cognitive Dissonance
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a buyer's doubts shortly after a purchase about whether the decision was a right one
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Consumer Socialization
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the process through which a person acquires the knowledge and skills to function as a consumer
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Physiological Needs
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food, water, sex, clothing, and shelter
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Safety Needs
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security, freedom from physical and emotional pain and suffering
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Selective Distortion
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an individual's changing or twisting of information that is inconsistent with personal feelings
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Selective Retention
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remembering information inputs that support personal feelings and beliefs and forgetting inputs that do not
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Motive
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an internal energizing force that directs a person's behavior toward satisfying needs or achieving goals
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Consumer Buying Behavior
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the decision processes and purchasing activities of people who purchase products for personal or household use and not for business purposes
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Consumer Buying Decision Process
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five-stage process that includes recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation
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Patronage Motives
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motives that influence where a person purchases products on a regular basis
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Lifestyle
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an individual's pattern of living express through activities, interests, and opinions
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Reference Group
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a group that a person identifies with so strongly that he or she adopts the values, attitudes, and behavior of group members
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Social Needs
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human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging
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Level of Involvement
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an individual's degree of interest in a product and the importance of the product for that person
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Social Influences
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the forces other people exert on one's buying behavior
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Internal Information Search
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an information search in which buyers search memories for information about products that might solve their problem
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Consideration Set
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a group of brands within a product category that a buyer views as alternatives for possible purchase
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Attitude Scale
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a means of measuring consumer attitudes by gauging the intensity of individual's reactions to adjectives, phrases, or sentences about an object
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Opinion Leader
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a member of an informal group who provides information about a specific topic to other group members
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Self Concept
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a perception or view of oneself
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Learning
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changes in an individual's though processes and behavior caused by information and experience
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Situational Influences
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influences that result from circumstances, time, and location that affect the consumer buying decision process
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Extended Decision Making
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a consumer decision-making process employed when purchasing unfamiliar, expensive, or infrequently bought products
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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the five levels of needs that humans seek to satisfy, from most to least important
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Roles
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actions and activities that a person in a particular position is supposed to perform based on expectations of the individual and surrounding persons
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Esteem Needs
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respect and recognition from others
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Culture
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the accumulation of values, knowledge, beliefs, customs, objects, and concepts that a society uses to cope with its environment and passes on to future generations
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Perception
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the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information inputs to produce meaning
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Attitude
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an individual's enduring evaluation of feelings about and behavioral tendencies toward an object or idea
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Information Inputs
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sensations received through sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch
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Consumer Misbehavior
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behavior that violates generally accepted norms of a particular society
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Routinized Response Behavior
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a consumer decision-making process used when buying frequently purchased, low-cost items that require very little search-and-decision effort
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External Information Search
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an information search in which buyers seek information from sources other than their memories
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Evaluative Criteria
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objective and subjective product characteristics that are important to a buyer
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Impulse Buying
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an unplanned buying behavior resulting from a powerful urge to buy something immediately
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Self-Actualization Needs
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grow, develop and become all a person is capable of becoming
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Psychological Influences
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factors that in part determine people's general behavior, thus influencing their behavior as consumers
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Subculture
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a group of individuals whose characteristics, values, and behavioral patterns are similar within the group and different from those of people in the surrounding culture
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Buying Behavior
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the decision processes and actions of people involved in buying and using products
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Problem Recognition
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a buyer becomes aware of a difference between a desired state and actual condition.