Section 1
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True or false: Average farm size in the United States has been decreasing regardless of the kind of agricultural goods produced.
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (101)
Section 1
(50 cards)
True or false: Average farm size in the United States has been decreasing regardless of the kind of agricultural goods produced.
false
What helped make spears more effective for hunting?
use of bone and stone
True or false: Farm size tends to be larger in developed countries
true
Thomas Malthus theory
projected that population growth would outpace food supply
Why do groups of people practice subsistence agriculture?
farmers felt production for the global market has not benefited them financially or culturally
Where did Sauer suggest first tropical plant domestication occurred 14,000 years ago?
Southeast and South Asia
Gigantism in plants (aka artificial selection)
- making bigger seeds to produce more fruit - loss of seed dispersal mechanism - loss of bitter/toxic substances - loss of anti-predator mechanisms
Purpose of the four-field rotation?
maintains fertility of land
Demographic and social changes from first agricultural revolution
- division of labor - more people settled into villages - permanent structures built - development of religion, focus on fertility
What are tertiary economic activities?
service industries that connect consumers to producers, like trade
What are secondary economic activities? (give examples)
manufacturing a primary product into something else ex. toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, buildings
True or false: Both agricultural production and the labor force in the US are at an all-time high
false
What are quinary economic activites?
exchange of information, money, or goods in research or higher education
Carl Sauer theory
experiments needed to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in many places, not just grasslands or river valleys
What are seed crops?
plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds
First domestication of seed plants 10,000 years ago took place where?
Fertile Crescent
Where does slash-and-burn agriculture usually occur in?
humid, low-latitude climates (South America, Sub-Saharan, Africa, and Southeast Asia)
Animal domestication began as early as _________ years ago
8,000
What is agriculture?
tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel
True or false: In MDCs, relatively few people work in agriculture
true
How does Boserup oppose Malthus' theory?
Boserup believed in agricultural innovations for a growing world population, while Malthus believed that food supply would eventually run out
Define subsistence agriculture
growing only enough food to survive
Shifting cultivation and its importance on society
farmers migrate to search for new lands after their plots of land become infertile, but causes more deforestation and destroys more natural resources
Describe hunter-gatherer societies
small groups low population density limited material culture nomadic (no permanent settlements)
Boserup hypothesis
agricultural production can accommodate increasing population through new agricultural innovations, which will allow to produce more food for more people
What are primary economic activities? (give examples)
extraction of valuable products from earth ex. agriculture, ranching, hunting & gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying
Examples of seed crops
grains, lentils, dates
True or false: In LDCs, a majority of people are in agriculture
true
Advantages of animal domestication
- use of beasts as burden - source of food (meat and milk)
In the US, less than ___ % of the workforce is involved in agriculture
2
True or false: Intensive subsistence agriculture includes large plots of lands, wasted land, lots of machinery used
false
Define slash-and-burn agriculture
farmers use tools (machetes and knives) to slash down trees and tall vegetation, then burn vegetation on the ground
Why are a small number of farmers in MDCs able to feed large numbers of people?
machinery - tractors, cultivators, milking machines, etc.
Define pastoral nomadism
herding domesticated animals; migratory farming; trading animal products for food
Examples of crops and animals domesticated in Near East
animals - sheep, goats plants - wheat, barley
True or false: Hunter-gatherer group sizes vary according to climate and resource availability
true
In what ways have mechanization and efficiencies led to a decrease in the number of workers in the U.S. agricultural production?
increased use of more machines = less people needed to work on the land
Examples of root crops
beets, carrots, potatoes, turnips
What tools did humans use to fish?
harpoons, hooks, and baskets
True or false: Transportation systems, fertilizers, herbicides, advanced plant and animal breeding programs, and electronic monitoring of crops are important in agriculture
true
The 5 important domesticated mammals
cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse
What are quaternary economic activities?
exchange of information, money, or goods
What were the first tools used in hunting?
simple clubs (tree limbs thin on one end and thick and heavy on the other)
What significant changes were seen during the second agricultural revolution?
invention of new technology that helped improve irrigation, fertilizers, artificial feeds, advances in breeding livestock
How many hunter-gatherers are in the world today?
1/4 million people (0.005% of world population)
4 major issues that affect food security worldwide?
1. balancing production and consumption 2. conversions of agricultural land to urban land 3. increasing energy-intensive food production with limited fossil fuel resources 4. using food crops for biofuel
What kind of agriculture was the norm throughout most of human history?
subsistence agriculture
Where does pastoral nomadism usually occur?
dry climates (North Africa, Middle East, North and West China)
What are root crops?
crops that are reproduced by cultivating the roots or cuttings from the plants
Cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning of the ___________________
first agricultural revolution
Section 2
(50 cards)
Pros and cons of Green Revolution
Pros: - increased food production and food supply; saved millions of lives - improvements in productivity - fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, farm machinery and better plants Cons: - GMO criticisms - reduced organic matter in soil due to herbicides and pesticides - machinery too expensive - pollution - inducing climate change
Metes and bounds survey
natural features used to demarcate (set boundaries) irregular parcels of land; dispersed (English) ex. Middle Atlantic and Southern colonies
Describe nucleated settlements
- close proximity (2 types: circular or linear) - centered around a common area - ex. Colonial New England
True or false: Animals produce manure used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops
true
What is the main cash crop in the US?
cotton
Primogeniture
German practice that all land passes to the eldest son
"Dry summer" (C) climates are known as the ________________ climates
Mediterranean climates
The "short dry season" (Am) climate is known as the _____________ climate
monsoon climate
True or false: Mexicans control 8 out of the 13 largest drug markets in the US
false (11)
Define agribusiness
businesses that provide vast array of goods and services to support agricultural industry
How has the impact of colonialism changed subsistence farming?
- European powers sought to end subsistence farming - integrating farmers into colonial systems of production and exchange - demand farmers to pay taxes - colonial powers would conduct soil surveys, build irrigation systems, and establish lending agencies that provide loans to farmers
Examples of luxury crops
coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, flowers
True or false: The "no dry season" (Af) regions are equatorial rainforest regions
true
True or false: In a dispersed settlement pattern, individual farmhouses lie far apart and land is intensely cultivated by machines
true
True or false: Because of high demand for drugs, farmers find it more profitable to grow poppy, cocoa, or marijuana than food crops
true
4 rings of Von Thunen model
first ring - market gardening and dairy second ring - forest/lumber third ring - extensive field crops fourth ring - ranching, livestock, grazing
Von Thunen model
producing the most cost-effective product for the market based on cost of transportation, land, and profit
Purpose of plantation agriculture
cash crops
Which 2 cash crops does Asia specialize in?
rubber and palm oil
True or false: Shifts from subsistence to commercial agriculture did not have dramatic impacts on rural life
false
Rectangular survey system
- exists throughout most of US - appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields
Von Thunen model assumptions
- isolated state - surrounded by unoccupied wilderness - no rivers or mountains; completely flat - no roads - soil quality and climate are consistent - farmers work to maximize profits
Products of grain farming
wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley
Top producers of grain farming
China and India
Ag-Gag Bills
limits/prohibits taking pictures or videos in agribusiness facilities
True or false: As you get closer to a city, the price of land increases
true
Define genetic engineering
technological improvements on biological systems to make or enhance specific agricultural goods or food production
Which 3 cash crops does Latin America specialize in?
coffee, sugarcane, bananas
True or false: The primary functions of farm villages are to build new machines and hire less labor
false (protection of livestock and storage)
BW is ____________ and BS is _____________
desert; steppe
Where are polar climates found?
in tundra climates
Township-and-range system
spaced farms and divided by sections, half sections or quarter sections; dispersed in a grid pattern
Informal agriculture
millions of people cultivate small plots of land in their backyards for domestic consumption or to trade with others
5 types of villages
1. linear village - located on dikes and leeves; found in low-lying areas of Western Europe 2. cluster village - began by an intersection of 2 roads, everything built around it 3. round village/rundling - first used in Eastern Europe and then modified by Germans 4. wailed village - used for protection 5. grid village - more modern
Benefits of urban agriculture
- don't need a lot of land - fewer fertilizers - could employ more people - little/no transportation costs
Long-lot survey system
divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals; clustered (French) ex. Hermitage, Louisiana (Mississippi River); Quebec, Canada (St. Lawrence River)
Feedlots
plots of land which livestock fattened for market
In what climates does grain farming occur?
dry or warm mid-latitude climates
Cadastral system
method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined
Koppen climate classification system
classifying the world's climates based on temperature and precipitation
Each township is divided into ____ sections, each of which is 1 mile x 1 mile
36
Where does commercial gardening occur?
in humid climate, with access to markets
Environmental impacts of commercial agriculture
1. overfishing, land clearing, deforestation 2. overuse of fertilizers and pesticides that will erode soil over time 3. ecological degradation and desertification 4. increase in organic farming
True or false: In a township-and-range system, north-south lines are principal meridians and east-west lines are base lines
true
Disadvantages of urban agriculture
- need new technologies - fewer machines = more labor intensive - limited crops
Monoculture
dependent on a single agricultural commodity; major impact on colonial agriculture
Which regions in the world have been badly overfished?
North Atlantic and East China Sea
GMOs found in ___ % of all processed foods in the United States
75
What is livestock ranching?
raising of domesticated animals for meat, as well as byproducts such as leather and wool
Subsistence farming is common where?
Africa, Middle America, tropical South America, parts of Southeast Asia
Section 3
(1 card)