Section 1
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Density property of water
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Mar 1, 2020
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Density property of water
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid, due to H bonding. Crystalline lattice keeps molecules at a distance.
Monosaccharides
CH2O=empirical formula Examples: glucose- blood sugar fructose- fruit sugar galactose ribose- structural component in RNA Importance: -produced by photosynthesis -used in cellular respiration (to make energy) -summary: energy storage and release -also used to build structures
Molecule
elements covalently bonded
What are some substances that are transported in blood?
-NaCl: dissolved in plasma (ions) -amino acids: dissolved in plasma (sufficient solubility due to charged regions) -glucose: dissolved in plasma (polar) -oxygen gas: carried by hemoglobin (nonpolar) -fats: transported in lipoprotein complexes (nonpolar) -cholesterol: transported in lipoprotein complexes (nonpolar) HDL and LDL
Solution
completely homogenous mixture, diffused solute in solvent
Saturated fat
single bonds between all carbons in fatty acid (i.e. saturated with hydrogen), solid at room temperature
What does transport in blood depend on?
Solubility
Explain the structure of β-D-glucose
5 other necessary elements for life
Sulfur: found in 2 amino acids Calcium: chemical messenger that helps regulate cell processes Phosphorus: ATP and DNA, RNA (phosphate) Iron: needed in cytochromes for electron transport chains, hemoglobin sodium: water balance/homeostasis, pumped into cells for water uptake, nerves
Adhesion
H bonds holding molecules to another substance
Explain the structure of ribose
Covalent bonds
sharing pair of valence electrons, # of electrons required to complete an atom's valence shell determines how many bonds will form
What is the function, structure, and importance of structure and function together of cellulose?
Function: structural material (plant cell walls) Structure: chain of beta glucose with alternating bond orientations, gives strength (to build strong cell walls) F&S: stacked, linear model, stronger, not soluble, good for structure, not digestable
What 2 things can the many properties of water be attributed to?
Its polarity and hydrogen bonds
High boiling point
Water has a boiling point of 100°C
Polysaccharides
Multiple monosaccharides bonded covalently
High specific heat
(Amount of heat absorbed)/(amount of heat lost/change temperature by 1°C) (1 cal)/(g/°C)
Monounsaturated fats
have only one double bond
Hydrolisis
bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)
Compound
2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
Inorganic
Not consisting of or deriving from living matter.
Catabolism
breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules (ex. digestion, respiration)
What is the function, structure, and importance of structure and function together of glycogen?
Function: energy storage in animals (esp. in liver and muscles) Structure: more highly branched alpha glucose F&S: quick release needed, must be branched
Compare the properties of water vs. methane (think thermal properties)
Water has almost 2x the specific heat capacity of methane, water heat of vaporization is almost 3x that of methane, melting and boiling points of methane are lower than water
Lipids
Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes All lipids are hydrophobic
List the cohesive properties of water
Cohesion, surface tension
High heat of vaporization
quantity of heat required to convert 1g from liquid to gas states (Evaporative cooling/sweat)
Hydrogen bond
Attraction (weak) between a partially positive H atom of one polar molecule and a partially negative atom (O or N) of another polar molecule Bond between bases pairs in DNA
Why is carbon important?
Tetravalent (can form 4 covalent bonds), which allows it to produce a variety of stable organic compounds
Name the most frequent elements in life
CHON (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and are main elements found in organic molecules in organisms)
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Electrons shared equally
Surface tension
Measurement of the difficulty to break or stretch the surface of a liquid
Metabolism
web of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
List the thermal properties of water
High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and high boiling point
Unsaturated fat (oils)
contain double bonds between carbons in fatty acid
Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis
Joins monomers: one monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule, which is removed.
Cohesion
H bonds holding water molecules together
Organic
Carbon compounds found in living organisms, almost all carbon compounds are organic
What is the structure of Fats/Triglycerides?
1 glycerol condensed with 3 fatty acids nonpolar C-H bonds in fatty acid "tails"
Anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules (ex. making DNA, photosynthesis)
Polymers
3 or more covalently bonded monomers (subunits)
Ionic bonds
one atom strips valence electrons from another atom (high electronegativity difference), electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms)
Falsification of Vitalism
When urea (organic compound in liver) was artificially synthesized by German chemist Friedrich Wöhlerfor the first time, vitalism was deemed false.
Disaccharides
covalent bonds between 2 monosaccharides formula=C12H22O11 (because a water molecule is lost in dehydration synthesis) Examples: -sucrose=glucose and fructose (transported by phloem in plants) -maltose=glucose and glucose -lactose=(milk sugar) glucose and galactose
Polar covalent bonds
One atom more electronegative than the other (creates partial charges)
Vitalism
The belief that living organisms possess a non physical inner force or energy that gives them the property of life
What is the function, structure, and importance of structure and function together of starch?
Function: energy storage in plants Structure: chain of alpha glucose with same bond orientation Amylose=unbranched Amylopectin=branched (though less than glycogen) F&S: flat, too big to dissolve
Explain the structure of ⍺-D-glucose
What are the different types of unsaturated fats?
Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, cis, and trans
List the solvent properties of water
-water is a very good solvent, sometimes called the "universal solvent" -substances that are able to dissolve in water are polar or ionic
Section 2
(42 cards)