Section 1
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Endocrine System
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Endocrine System
Includes: hormone-producing glands and cells Function: produces hormones
Organelles
"Little organs" — each has a characteristic shape and specific funtion.
Movement
Motion of the whole body, organs, cells, or structures within cells.
Respiratory System
Includes: lungs, air passageways, and bronchial tubes Function: transfers oxygen to blood from air
Controlled Condition
Each monitored variable.
Prone Position
Body lying face down.
Muscular Tissue
Tissue that contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
Differentiation
Certain cells are specialized to perform different functions within the organism. Undifferentiated cells are called stem cells.
Supine Position
Body lying face up.
Reproduction
Forming of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; or, production of a new individual.
Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to changes in environment, internal or external.
Sagittal Plane
Divides body/organ into right/left portions.
Levels of Organization
Atoms > Molecules > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Organisms
Negative Feedback System
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical processes in the body.
Integumentary System
Includes: skin and associated structures Function: protection, sensing, etc.
Plasma Membrane
Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell.
Transverse Plane
Divides body/organ into superior/inferior positions.
Positive Feedback System
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Cardiovascular System
Includes: blood, heart, and blood vessels Function: circulates blood and nutrients around body
Muscular System
Includes: skeletal muscle tissue Function: movement, heat production
Feedback System or Feedback Loop
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides body/organ into anterior/posterior portions.
Catabolism
Breaking down complex molecules into smaller parts (ex. digestion).
Reproductive System
Includes: gonads and associated organs Function: production of new organisms, release of hormones
Homeostasis
The condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
Physiology
The sciences of body functions; how the body parts work.
Anabolism
Building large, complex molecules from smaller components (ex. protein synthesis).
Control Center
Creates a baseline/set point for values within the controlled condition and generates output commands when needed through an efferent pathway.
Nervous System
Includes: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs Function: creates action potentials; detects, interprets, and responds to changes
Growth
Increase in body size due to increase in size or number of existing cells.
Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationship among them.
Lymphatic System
Includes: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses Function: returns protein and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, immunity
Skeletal System
Includes: bones, joints, associated cartilages Function: support, protection, movement, blood cell creation, mineral and lipid storage
Connective Tissue
Tissue that connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
Axial Portion
Head, neck, trunk
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Digestive System
Includes: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus Function: breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste
Cytoplasm
All cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Oblique Plane
Divides body/organ at an oblique angle.
Urinary System
Includes: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Function: eliminates waste
Section
A cut of the body made along a plane.
Stimulus
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition.
Receptor
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center though an afferent pathway.
Appendicular Portion
Arms, legs
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
Effector
Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue can behave as one.
Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Matrix
Where the bone cells live, made of collagen and inorganic salts (calcium, potassium, etc.).
Microvilli
Cell extensions.
Cilia
Numerous short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of a cell.
Lamellae
Rings/layers formed by lacunae
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes; produces proteins.
Phagocytes
Cells that can carry out phagocytosis.
Exocytosis
Materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell.
Endocytosis
Materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
Nucleus
Large organelle that houses most of a cell's DNA
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol.
Phagocytosis
Form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles.
Diffusion
A passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particles' kinetic energy.
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells.
Golgi Complex
Packages and ships proteins.
Neuroglia
Cells found in nervous tissue that protect and support neurons.
Lysosomes
Membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the golgi complex. Helps recycle cell parts.
Macrophages
Type of cell in connective tissue; consumers, "big eaters."
Pinocytosis
Form of endocytosis in which droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up by the pinching off of a vesicle from the plasma membrane.
Fibroblasts
Type of cell in connective tissue that produce fibers.
Hypertonic Solution
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol of a cell.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell. Generates energy in the form of ATP.
Neuron
Cells found in nervous tissue that transmit signals.
Active Processes
Cellular energy is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration or electrical gradient.
Yellow Bone Marrow
Bone marrow that contains fat.
Red Bone Marrow
Bone marrow that contains blood.
Centrosomes
Composed of centrioles and pericentriolar material.
Diaphysis
Length of long bone.
Smooth ER
Extends from rough ER; produces lipids.
Facilitated Diffusion
Process in which an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane.
Passive Processes
A substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient using only its own kinetic energy.
Periosteum
The outer layer of bone.
Epiphysis
End of long bone.
Flagella
Larger than cilia, these cell projections help move the entire cell.
Medullary Cavity
Hollow chamber of bone filled with bone marrow.
Simple Diffusion
A passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins.
Compact Bone
Found in the wall of the diaphysis.
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Microfilaments
Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Mast Cells
Type of cell in connective tissue that prevents clots.
Vesicles
Small, spherical sacs.
Osmosis
A type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic Solution
Any solution in which a cell mantains its normal shape and volume.
Spongy Bone
Found in the epiphysis of the bone; contains red marrow.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells; enclosed in tiny chambers called lacunae
Cartilage Connective Tissue
Provides support and attachments, also cushions bones; 3 kinds; all have the same function.
Genes
Hereditary units.
Hypotonic Solution
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol of a cell.
Chromosome
A single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins. Inside the nucleus; contains genes.
Collagenous Fibers
Strong and ropelike; appear more cordlike; ex. bones, tendons, ligaments.
Elastic Fibers
Very flexible; appear more stringlike; ex. ears, vocal cords.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Fascia
Individual muscles are separated by ________, which also forms tendons.
Endomysium
Surrounds each muscle fiber.
Transverse Fracture
A fracture that is complete and parallel to the axis of the bone.
Bone Spurs
Abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone.
Volkman's Canal
Links Haversian canals.
Synarthrotic
Not moveable (aka sutures).
Foramen
Refers to any opening in the skull. Nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face.
Osteoclasts
Dissolve bone tissue to release minerals.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Includes the brain and spinal cord.
Coronal Suture
Suture between frontal and parietal bones.
Spiral Fracture
Caused by twisting a bone excessively.
Fascicles
Muscles are composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called ________.
Sarcolemma
Muscle fiber membrane.
Canaliculi
Link osteocytes.
Myofibrils
Individual muscle fibers, made of myofilaments.
Comminuted Fracture
A fracture that is complete and fragments the bone.
Anklyosis
Severe arthritis in the spine and vertebrae.
Sagittal Suture
Suture between parietal bones.
Sarcomere
Area from one Z-line to another - a unit that contracts.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness.
Epiphysial Line
A band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis; also known as a growth plate.
Epimysium
Outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle.
Osteoporosis
Increased activity of osteoclasts; causes a breakdown of bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile.
Fissured Fracture
A fracture that involves an incomplete longitutinal break.
Suture
Refers to any connection between large bones. In fetal skulls, these are called fontanels.
Sarcoplasm
Inner material surrounding and between muscle fibers.
Actin
Thin myofilaments. Form light A bands.
Diarthrotic
Moveable joints (aka synovial joints).
Scoliosis
A lateral curve in the spine.
Types of Joints
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, and saddle.
Kyphosis
A hunchback curve in the spine.
Neuromuscular Junction
Where a nerve and muscle fiber come together.
Z-line
Found in the middle of each I band.
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that crosses the gap in a neuromuscular junction. This is what activates the muscle. Also involved in memory, learning, and general intellectual functioning.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Includes the nerves of the body.
Fissure
Any wide gaps between bones.
Lambdoidal Suture
Suture between occipital and parietal bones.
Synovial Fluid
Fluid within the joints that assists in lubrication.
Haversian Canal
Houses blood vessels.
Myosin
Thick myofilaments. Form dark I bands.
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly moveable (ex. vertebrae).
Dendrites
Shorter, more numerous extensions off a neuron's cell body that receive information.
Greenstick Fracture
An incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent.
White Matter
Myelinated axons—communication between grey matter areas. Long axons—transmit signals.
3 Basic Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory (gathers info), integrative (information is brought together), and motor (responds to change).
Oblique Fracture
A fracture that occurs at any angle other than 90 degrees.
Perimysium
Separates and surrounds fascicles.
Lordosis
A swayback in the lower region of the spine.
Axons
A single, long "fiber" which conducts impulse away from the cell body of a neuron. Sends information.
Squamosal Suture
Suture between temporal and parietal lobes.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Coxal Region
The anatomical region containing the hip.
Axillary Region
The anatomical region containing the armpit.
Posterior
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind. Example: The heart is ________ to the breastbone.
Crural Region
The anatomical region containing the leg.
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Example: The armpit is ________ between the breastbone and shoulder.
Inferior
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below. Example: The navel is ________ to the breastbone.
Cranial Region
The anatomical region containing the head/skull.
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal. Example: The lungs are ________ to the rib cage.
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of. Example: The heart is ________ to the arm.
Microglial Cells
Type of neuroglial cell that is scattered throughout and igests debris or bacteria and responds to immunological alarms.
Femoral Region
The anatomical region containing the upper leg (femur and thigh).
Schwann Cells
Type of neuroglial cell that forms the insulating myelin sheath around neurons for the PNS.
Brachial Region
The anatomical region containing the arm.
Mammary Region
The anatomical region containing the breasts.
Cephalic Region
The anatomical region containing the head (contains cranial and facial regions).
Digital/Phalangeal Region
The anatomical region containing the fingers and toes.
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface. Example: The skin is ________ to the skeleton.
Gluteal Region
The anatomical region containing the buttocks.
Antecubital Region
The anatomical region containing the front of the elbow.
Otic Region
The anatomical region containing the ear.
Ependymal Cells
Type of neuroglial cell that forms a membrane that covers brain-like parts.
Mental Region
The anatomical region containing the chin.
Cervical Region
The anatomical region containing the neck.
Oral Region
The anatomical region containing the mouth.
Acromial Region
The anatomical region containing the shoulder.
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Example: The elbow is ________ to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is).
Frontal Region
The anatomical region containing the forehead.
Buccal Region
The anatomical region containing the cheek.
Anterior
Toward or at the front end of the body; in front of. Example: The breastbone is ________ to the spine.
Serotonin
Inhibitory neurotransmitter; affects moods and emotional states.
Endorphin
Inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in pain perception and positive emotions.
Carpal Region
The anatomical region containing the wrist.
Occipital Region
The anatomical region containing the base of the skull.
Cubital/Olecranal Region
The anatomical region containing the back of the elbow.
Lumbar Region
The anatomical region containing the lower back.
Superior
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above. Example: The forehead is ________ to the nose.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of. Example: The arms are ________ to the chest.
Orbital/Ocular Region
The anatomical region containing the eyes.
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Example: The knee is ________ to the thigh (meaning that the knee is farther from the hip or attachment point of the leg than the thigh is).
Oligodendrocytes
Type of neuroglial cell that makes the myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons of for the CNS.
Grey Matter
Unmyelinated—short, branching neurons—does the processing and most of the work of the brain. Makes up 40% of brain matter but uses up 94% of the oxygen.
Monoamines (Norepinephrine and Epinephrine)
Excitatory neurotransmitter; used for arousal in the fight/flight response, plays a role in learning and memory retrieval. Increases hart rate and blood flow to the muscle.
Inguinal Region
The anatomical region containing the groin.
Nasal Region
The anatomical region containing the nose.
Astrocytes
Type of neuroglial cell that connects blood vessels to neurons.
Dorsum Region
The anatomical region containing the top of the foot.
Facial Region
The anatomical region containing the face.
Calcaneal Region
The anatomical region containing the heel.
Antebrachial Region
The anatomical region containing the forearm
Abdominal Region
The anatomical region containing the abdomen (the middle of the trunk).
Section 5
(47 cards)