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AP Biology Chapter 4

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Section 1

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Structural Isomers

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Biology Science

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Mar 14, 2020

Cards (15)

Section 1

(15 cards)

Structural Isomers

Front

-isomers that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms... aka same structure different arrangement

Back

Carboxyl Group

Front

-acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. -compound name: carboxylic acid, or organic acid

Back

Cis-Trans Isomers

Front

-isomers that have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements... aka same formula, different positioning around a double bond

Back

Isomers

Front

-compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and proteins

Back

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front

-the potential to react with water, a reaction that releases energy to be used by the cell

Back

Hydrocarbons

Front

-molecules with H and C -not in most living things -a component of macromolecules (such as lipids) -nonpolar -release large amounts of energy when involved in reactions

Back

Enantiomers

Front

-same formula, mirror image positioning around a central carbon -biological systems tend to use only one of any two of this form -all cells use D-sugars, and L-amino acids

Back

Hydroxyl Group

Front

-is polar due to electronegative oxygen. -forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars. -compound name: alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol)

Back

Phosphate Group

Front

-contributes negative charge (1 - when positioned inside a chain of phosphates; 2 - when at the end) -when attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy. -compound name: organic phosphate

Back

Amino Group

Front

-acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms) -compound name: amine

Back

Sulfhydryl Group

Front

-two--SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. -hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape. -compound name: thiol

Back

Functional Groups

Front

-the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Back

Carbonyl Group

Front

-sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. -compound name: ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)

Back

Methyl Group

Front

-affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. -affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones. -compound name: methylated compound

Back

Types of Isomers

Front

-structural -cis-trans -enantiomers

Back