All three conditions must be met:
1. a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal manuevers
2. Flight visibility is not less than the minimums published
3. at least one of the following visual references must be indentified
-The approach light system,except you may descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone only if the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also visible
-The threshold
-The threshold markings
-The threshold lights
-The runway end identifier lights
-The visual approach slope indicator
-The touchdown zone or its markings
-The touchdown zone lights
-The runway or runway markings
-The runway lights
airspeed/10 +5
3 degrees per second
360 degrees in 2 min
Back
Minimum equipment for IFR flight
Front
FOR DAY
Tachometer
Oil pressure gauge
Manifold pressure gauge*
Airspeed indicator
Temperature gauge *
Oil temperature gauge
Flotation if out of glide
Fuel quantitty for each tank
*Landing gear position lights
Anti collision
Altimeter
Magnetic compass
Elt
Seat belt
Shoulder harness
Generator/altenator
Radios
Altimeter (baro sensing)
Ball (slip-skid indicator)
Clock (digital or sweep)
Attitude indicator
Rate of turn
Directional gyro
DME above FL24
NIGHT TIME all above equipment plus
Fuses
Landing light (for hire)
Anti collision
Position lights
Source of power
Back
currency to act as PIC
Front
flight review in the last 24 calendar months
Back
required documents for flight
Front
-Pilot certificate
-Medical certificate
-governemnt issued ID
Back
Instrument approach types
Front
Precision (lateral + vertical guidance)
-ILS instrument landing system
-MLS microwave landing system
-PAR precision approach radar
-GLS GNSS landing system
-TLS transponder landing system
Non precision (lateral course guidance_
-Vor
-NDB
-RNAV/GNSS (lnav minimums)
-LOC
-LDA
-SDF
-ASR
Back
MVFR
Front
-1000-3000 ft ceiling
-3-5 sm visibility
Back
VOR
Front
-Very High Omni Directional Range
-full scale deflection 10 degrees
-Distance off course is 200 ft per dot
Back
Types of altitudes
Front
-Indicated:altitude indicated on the dial
-Pressure: altitude corrected for that days pressure
-Density: pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature
-True: actual altitude above MSL
-Absolute: height AGL
Back
Mandatory reporting points
Front
Missed approach
Airspeed +- 10 kts/5% change of filed TAS
Reaching a holding fix (report time and altitude)
VFR on top
ETA change +- 3 min *
Leaving a holding fix/point
Outer marker*
Unforecasted weather
Safety of flight
Vacating an altitude
Final approach fix*
Radio/ nav failure
Compulsory reporting points*
500 unable climb/descent 500 fpm
* required only in a non radar enviroment
Back
Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs)
Front
-serves as a transition from the enroute structure to a point from which an approach can begin
-transitions routes connect en route fixed to the basic STAR procedure
-Usually named according to the fix at which the basic procedure begins
-may put no STARs in flight plan
-RNAV STARs require RNAV 1 performance
Back
Alernate Minimums
Front
123 rule
1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA weather is less than
-2000 foot ceilings
Or
-3 sm visibility
if going to an alternate minimums are
-600 ft ceilings and 2sm visibility-precision approach
-800 ft ceilings and 2 sm visilibilty-non precision approach
-for no instrumant approach must be able to conduct landing under basic VFR, be able to descend from Mea vfr
Back
Aircraft maintance inspections for IFR
Front
Annual inspection(12 calander months)
Vor (30 days)
I00 hour
Gps (28 days)
Altimeter and statit system (24 calander months)
Transponder (24 calander months)
Elt (every 12 calander months, half battery life or 1 hour cum use)
Magnetometer (24 calander months)
Back
Lost Coms Procedures
Front
Altitude to fly (fly the highest)
-MEA
-Expected
-Assigned
Route to fly (follow by order)
-Assigned
-Vectored
-Expected
-Filed
Back
VDP
Front
A defined point on the final approach course of a non precision straight in approach procedure from which a normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown zone may begin provided adaquete visual reference is established
HAT/300 if no vdp is listed
Back
required aircraft documents for flight
Front
Airworthiness
Registration certificate
(federal 3 years, state 1 year)
Radios operational permit (international flights)
Operations manual
Weight and balance
Back
Obstacle departure Procedures (ODPs)
Front
-Only provides obstacle clearance
-May be flown without an ATC clearance unless a SID or other instructions are assigned
-Graphic ODP denote "obstacle" in the chart tile
-found in the front of booklets arranged by city
-if object is in the way (within 48 feet of the nautical mile odp issued)
Back
Recent flight experience requirements
Front
66 hit
-within 6 calendar months
-6 instrument approaches
-Holding procedures and tasks
-Intercept and track course through the use of electronic navigation
6 months pass by you can get current with a safety pilot (atleast a private pilot rated in the appropriate category or class), instructor, or pilot examiner
12 months pass and not current..you need to do a IPC (instrument proficiency check)
Back
Pre flight required for IFR
Front
Runway lenghts
Alternate
Weather
Fuel requirements
Atc delays
Take off and landing distances
-indicated: speed indicated on the dial
-calibrated:IAS corrected for instrument and position errors
-equivalent: CAS corrected for compressibility error
-True: actual speeed through the air. EAS corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure
-Ground: actual speed over the ground. TAS corrected for wind conditinos
Back
GPS
Front
-24 satalites so that 5 are in view at any given location on earth
GPS familiarization
1.using raim
2.intserting departure procedure into the flight plan
3.programming destination airport
4.programming and flying approaches
5. changing to another approach after selecting one
6. programming and flying direct missed approaches
7.programing and flying routed missed approaches
8. entering, flying, and exiting holding patterns
9.programming and flying a route from a holding pattern
10.programing and flying approach with radar vectors
11.indication of the actions required for raim failure
12. programming a radial and distance from a VOR
Back
Enroute weather frequency
Front
Contact Fss for flight watch
Highwas
Metars
Back
WAAS
Front
-Wide area augmentation system
-a system of satalites and ground stations that provide gps signal corrections
-makes GPS approaches precisinon
Back
Raim
Front
-Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring
-needs a total of 6-5 satatlites to eliminate a corrupt satalite
Back
ILS
Front
Consists of
-localizer
-glide slope
-marker beacon
Back
Do not fly Procedure turn when
Front
SHARPTT
-Straight in approach
-Holding in lieu of a procedure turn
-Arc
-Radar vectored to final
-P NO PT depicted on chart
-Timed approach
-Teardrop course reversal
-Required before entering controlled airspace and a clearance
-file atleast 30 min before departure
-stored in system for 1.5 hours from proposed time of departure
Cancelation
-towered airports cancel automatically for you
-non towered airports you have to close by contacting atc or FSS
- can cancel anytime not in IMC and outside class A airspace
Prefered routes should be put on the flight plan and can be found in the AFD
Back
required navigation performance (RNP)
Front
Enroute-2NM
Terminal-1NM
Approach-.3NM
Back
cruising altitudes
Front
-0-179 odd thousands of feet
-180-359 even thousands of feet
Back
LIFR (light IFR)
Front
-less than 500 ft ceilings
-less than 1 mile visibility
Back
Take off minimums
Front
-None for part 91
-part 121,125,129,135
prescribed T/O minimums for specific runway,or if none
-1-2 engines 1 sm visibility
-more than 2 engines:1/2 sm visibility
Back
Departure clearance
Front
Clearance limit
Route
Alltitude
Frequancy
Transponder code
-Clearance void time: the time at which your clearance is void and after which you may not takeoff. you must notify ATC within 30 min after the void time if you do not depart
-Release time: the earliest time the aircraft may depart under IFR
-Hold for release time: you may not takeoff until being realeased for ifr departure
-Expect Departure clearance time (EDCT)- A runway release time givin under traffic managment programs in busy airports. Aircraft are expected to depart no earlier and no later than 5 min from the EDCT
Back
currency to carry passangers
Front
3 take offs and landings in the last 90 days in the same category and class
at night
3 take offs and landings to a full stop (1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise) in the last 90 days
Back
Standard instrument departures (SIDs
Front
-Provide obstacle clearance and helps reduce radio congestion and workload by simplifying clearances
-Pilot NAV SIDs-pilot navigates by charted routes with minimal radio instructions
-Vector SIDs- Navigation is based on radio vectors. Routes are not printed on the chart
-some SIDs depict non standard radio faulure procedures
-File NO SIDs in the remarks of your flight plan if you do not want to use one
-RNAV SIDs and all graphical RNAV ODPs require RNAV 1 performance (+-1 NM for 95% of the total flight time)
Back
Logging instrument time
Front
when controlling the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions
Back
IFR Altitudes
Front
-DA/H-descent altitude/height
-MAA-Maximum authorized altitude
-MCA-Minimum crossing altitude
-MDA/H-Minimum descent altitude/height
-MEA-Minimum enroute altitude (nav coverage and obstacle clearance
-MOCA-Minimum obstruction clearance altitude (nav coverage and obstacle clearance within 22nm of nav aid)
-MORA- Minimum off route altitude
-MRA-Minimum reception altitude
-MVA-Minimum vectoring altitude
-OROCA- Off route obstruction clearance altitude
Back
fuel requirments
Front
45 min of fuel at normal cruise to airport, and if alternate is required,fuel to destination and alternate plus 45 min
Back
What distance do you have guaranteed obstacle clearance in a circling approach
Front
1.3 miles from the approach end of the runway
Back
Approach Clearnaces
Front
Contact approach
-Must be requested by pilot
-Requires at least 1 sm reported ground visibility and clear of clouds
-available only at airports with approved instrument approach procedures
Visual Approach
-initiated by the pilot or ATC
-requires 1000 ft ceilings and 3sm vis
-must have airport or traffic to follow in sight
Back
holding pattern timing
Front
-adjust the outbound leg so the inbound leg takes
-at or below 14,000 MSL-1 min
-above 14,000 MSL-1.5 min
Back
VOR reveiver checks
Front
-VOT: a ground station located at an airport that broadcasts the 360 radial can receive the signal anywhere at the airport (360 from and 180 to)
-Repair Station +-4
-VOR ground: check a marked location at an airport (KPKB)+-4
-VOR airborne check a radial should be received over point established by ATC +- 6
-Dual VOR +-4
-Above a prominent ground landmark +-6 atleast 20 nm from VOR
Back
operating with inoperative equipment
Front
1.MEL
(what equipment you can fly with thats broken)
2.Ferry permit
3.equipment removed, or disabled and placarded
Back
minimum altitudes
Front
-mountainous area: 2000ft above highest obstacle within 4 nm of course
-non mountainous are: 1000 ft above highest abstacle within 4 nm of course
Back
Position reports items
Front
APTAFENR
-Aircraft ID
-Position
-Time
-Altitude
-Type of flight plan (expect when talking to ARTCC/approach control)
-ETA
-The name only of the next succeeding reporting point along the route of flight
-any pertinent remarks
Back
IFR
Front
-500-1000 foot ceilings
-1-3 sm visibility
Back
Recent flight experience requirements (Simulator)
Front
in the last 2 calander months
-3 hours instrument experience holding procedures and tasks
-2 unusual attitudes up
-2 unusual attitudes down
Back
VOR check signoff
Front
Date
Error
Place
Signature
Back
Section 2
(50 cards)
3 senses
Front
-vestibular: motion
-vision
-somotosensory- nerves, sense of gravity
Back
low pressure
Front
-rotates left and in
-cyclone
-warm moist air
-usuallly stormy weather
Moist, stable air is forced up a terrain slope and cooled down to its dew point by adiabatic cooling
Back
Instrument ice
Front
structural ice forming over aircraft instruments and sensors such as pitot and static
Back
Airmets
Front
-every 6 hours
-good for 6 hours
3 types
-sierra-mountain obscurations/IFR
-Tengo-Turbulance
(descibes moderate turbulance,sustained surface winds of 30 kts or greater and or non convective low level wind shear.)
-Zulu-Icing
Back
hazourdous attitudes
Front
-Anti authority (dont tell me)
-Impulsivity( do it quickly)
-Resignition (whats the use)
-macho (i can do it)
-invulnerability (it wont happen to me)
antidotes
-follow the rules they are usually righ
-not so fast think first
-Im not helpless i can make a difference
-taking chances are foolish
-it could happen to me
Back
gyroscopic instruments
Front
-run on rigidity in space and precession
-heading indicator
-Attitude indicator
-turn cordinator
-turn and slip indicators
Warrior has 1 it's the attitude and its electrically driven and electrical source is seperate from the battery
Back
emergency frequency (guard)
Front
121.5
Back
Structural Icing
Front
2 conditions
-visible moisture
-aircraft surface temperature below freezing
-Clear Ice: most dangerous type, heavy, hard and difficult to remove. Forms when water drops freeze slowly as a smooth sheet of solid ice. Usually occurs at temperatures close to the freezing point by large supercooled drops of water
-Rime Ice: opaque, white, rough ice formed by small supercooled water drops freezing quickly.Occurs at lower temperatures then clear ice does.
Mixed Ice: clear and rime ice formed simultaneously
If you encounter ice turn around
Most likely to get ice on tail because not a lot of movement
Back
convective sigmets
Front
-hourly at 55 min past the hour
-good for 2 hours
-embedded thunderstomrs
-line of Thunderstorms atleast 60 miles long effecting 40% of its length
-thunderstorms effecting grater then or equal to 40% or more of an area atleast 3000 square miles
-tornados
-squal line Thunderstorms
-storm producing hail greater then or equal to 3/4 inch
-surface winds greater than or equal to 50 kts
Back
sigmets
Front
-come out when needed
-good for 4 hours
-severe icing not associated with thunderstorms
-sever or extreme turbulance or clear air turbulance not associated with thunderstorms
-dust storms,sandstorms,lwoering surface visibility below 3 miles
Back
Engine
Front
-lycoming
-O-320-D3G
-160 hp
-2700 RPM
-4 cyclinder
-direct drive
-air cooled
-float type carburator
Oil
-2-8 quarts
-ou is 5-7
oil Temp
100-245
0il pressure
25-115
Back
Winds aloft
Front
-2 times a day
-0,12 zulu
-winds ommited when station is within 1500 feet
-Temps ommited when withinin 2500 feet of station
-temperatures negative above FL240
Back
weather
Front
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
unequal heating of earth creates pressure which drives weather
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Back
area forecast
Front
-3 times a day
-valid for 18 hours
-FA abbreviation
-6 areas
-Dallas fortworth
-salt lake city
-san francisco
-boston
-miami
-chicago
Back
warm front
Front
-warm moist air
-winds variable
-steady rise, then warm
-clouds, stratus,then clearing with scattered clouds
-drizzle, then usuall none,sometimes light showers
-poor visibilit, slowly improving, hazzyy
Back
Hypoxia
Front
-Hypoxic hypoxia: insufficient supply of oxygen in the body as a whole (high altitudes)
-Hypemic Hypoxia: inability of the blood to carry oxygen (Carbon monoxide poisoning)
-Histotoxic hypoxia: inability of the body cells to affectively use the oxygen supplied by the blood (alcahol or drugs)
-Stagnant hypoxia: caused by the blood not flowing to a body tissue(execcisve Gs)
-fingers and lips turn blue
-headache
-disorianted
-numbness
lack of judgemnt
Back
PAVE
Front
Pilot (health, current)
Airplane (airworthines)
enViroment (weather, terain, runways to use)
External pressures (meetings,people waiting)
Back
Ice Fog
Front
Forms when the temperature is much below freezing and water vapor turns directly itno ice crystals. common in the arctic regions but also occurs in mid lattitudes
Back
weather depiction charts
Front
-gives you ceiling information
-issued every 3 hours
Back
Fog
Front
a cloud that begins within 50 ft of the surface. occurs when the air temperature near the ground reaches its dew point, or when the dew point is raised to the existing temperature by added moisture to the air
Back
oxygen requirements
Front
12500-14000: crew must use suplemental oxygen for periods of flight over 30 min
above 14000: crew must be provided with and use the entire time at these altitudes
above 15000: each occupant must be provided with supplemental oxygen
Back
light gun signals
Front
On the ground
-steady green:clear for takeoff
-flashing green:clear to taxi
-steady red:stop
-flashing red: taxi clear of RWY
-red and green:excersize extreme caution
-white-return to starting point of airport
in the air
-steady green:clear to land
-flashing green:return for landing
-steady red:give way to other aircraft and continue circling
-flashing red: airport unsafe do not land
-red and green: excersize extreme caution
-white:N/A
Back
propellor
Front
-sensanich
-74 (max)
-72 (min)
-fixed pitch
Back
conditions for a thunderstorm
Front
1. Sufficient water vapor
2.an unstable temperature lapse rate
3.An a initial uplifting force
Back
troughs
Front
- an elongated area of low pressure
Back
hyperventalation
Front
-inbalance of carbon dioxide in the body
-breath in a bag and slow your breathing rate down
-same as hypoxia
-shortness of breath
-muscle spazms
Back
Steam Fog
Front
cold, dry air moves over warm water. Moistyre is added to the airmass and steam fog forms
Back
3 P
Front
Perceive hazards
Process level of risk
Perform risk managment
Back
TAF
Front
terminal area forecast
-4 times a day
-0,6,12,18 zulu
-valid for 24 hours, 30 hours for class B
-5 sm from center of airport
Back
ridges
Front
- an elonged area of high pressure
Back
Metar
Front
comes out hourly
Back
surface analysis charts
Front
-come out every 3 hours
Back
5 P
Front
Plan
Plane
Pilot
Passangers
Programing
Back
Frost
Front
Ice crystals caused by sublmation when both the temperature and the dew point are below freezing
Back
Radiation Fog
Front
occurs at calm clear nights when the ground cools rapidly due to the release of ground radiation
Back
Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm
Front
-Cumulus stage:lifting action of the air begins
-Mature stage:Begins when precipitation has become to fall from the cloud base, thunderstorms are at the greatest intensity here
-Dissipating: characterized by strong downdrafts and the cell is dying rapidly
Back
stable air
Front
bad visibility
stratus clouds
stable,smooth air
wide spread precip (light)
Back
radar summary
Front
-35 min past the hour, every hour
Back
high pressure
Front
-rotates right and goes out
-cool dry air
-associated with fair weather, and sunny skys
-light winds
-anti cycolne
Back
cold front
Front
-a mass of cold, dense air.
-winds gust
-temperature drops, then continues dropoing
-minimum drop pressure, then a stready rise
-cumulous, and cumulonimbus clouds
-heavy rains, sometimimes sever, then slowly clearing out
-poor visibility, then improving
Back
decompression sickeness
Front
altitudes above 8000 wait 24 hours
below 8000 wait 12 hours if uncontrolled and 24 hours if controlled
-can cause the bendz which is nitrogen in the joints
Back
K index
Front
-Top number:severity
0 to -2:weak
-3 to -5: moderate
-6 or less :heavy
-Bottom number: percent of happening
-goes from less than 5 to over 40
-smaller number less chance of it happening
Back
unstable air
Front
good visibility
upward lift
turbulant
showery precip
Back
occluded front
Front
when a cold front takes over a warm front
and causes storms
Back
DECIDE
Front
Detect change
Estimate the need to react to the change
Choose a desirable outcome
Identify solutions
Do the necassary actions
Evaluate the effect of action
ice reducing the amount of air for the engine intake
-Intake ice: blocks the engine intake
-Carburator ice: May form due to steep temperature drop in the carburator venturi. can form at temps of -7 to 21 celcius and a high relative humidity
Back
Advection Fog
Front
warm, moist air moves over cold surface, winds are required for advection fog to form
Back
Section 3
(7 cards)
pito tube
Front
senses ram air pressure, used for the airspeed indicator
-uses just static port
- aneroid wafer
-senses ambiant air pressure as the plane increases and decreases altitude
-aneroid wafer is sealed and as you go up pressure decreases which makes the aneroid wafer expand and show u high and vise versa
-if static port is blocked it will freeze where it was last
Back
static port
Front
senses pressure of static or non moving air
Back
magnetic compass errors and limitations
Front
Deviation (electrical interference)
Variation (difference between true and magnetic north)
Oscilattion (erratic movement)
Magnetic dip (prominent on east weat heading)
North/south turn errors (heading u role out on)
-Undershoot north overshoot south
Acceleration errors
-Accalerate north decelerate south
Back
vertical speed indicator
Front
-Diaphram
-static port is connected to the diaphram
-calibrated leak, so when u are climbing or descending things are delayed in the case which gives you the trend and rate information
-if static port is blocked will freeze at 0
Back
Airspeed indicator
Front
-uses pito tube and static port
-ram air goes through the pito and into the diaphram
-Pressure does not effect the ASI, only temperature because of the static port keeping the pressure inside the box the same, temperature effects the ASI because colder air is denser so its excerting more pressure on the diaphram
Problems
-if the pito tube is blocked but drain hole is open the airspeed will leak out of it and the ASI will read 0
-if the pito and drain hole are blocked it will act like an altimeter
ex going from low to high the high pressure inside the ASI will squeeze the diaphram and will show you lower than you are
-If just drain hole is blocked it will become wild and eratic
-just the static port is blocked it will be inverse of altimeter