Section 1
Preview this deck
oxidative phosphorylation
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (108)
Section 1
(50 cards)
oxidative phosphorylation
The ETC and the process of chemiosmosis, which accompanies it, are sometimes referred to as ---- because the electron carriers are oxidized and their energy is used to bring about the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
anabolism
combine monomers to build polymers. (absorb kinetic energy)
organic compounds
It is important to note that while matter and energy move through an ecosystem together when they are contained within -----, they follow different paths at the beginning and the end of food chains and food webs
feedback inhibition
Temporary deactivation of an enzyme or metabolic pathway brought about by an elevation of an end product of the metabolic pathway. (aka allosteric or negative feedback)
substrate-level phosphorylation
During Glycolysis, the ATPs are formed by a process known as ---- through which phosphate groups are added to adp to make atp
anaerobic respiration
Without O2 present in the cell, ---- takes place.
temperature
With an increase in ----, enzyme activity increases because of the increase in kinetic energy of the molecules.
oxidized; reduced
Whenever one molecule/atom is ----, another molecule/atom must be ----.
induced fit
Once the substrate binds to the enzyme, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape which helps catalyze the reaction (bonds form can be referred to as "hugging")
noncompetitive inhibitors
attach somewhere other than the active site causing the shape of the active site to change so the substrate can't fit into it.
metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism. All of life's processes occur due to chemical reactions.
cofactors
minerals that attach to and activate specific enzymes.
catabolism
chemical reactions which break down molecules. (release potential energy)
aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen+glucose(or other food)-> carbon dioxide, water, heat energy (useless), free energy (work energy)
competitive inhibitors
compete with substrates for the active site; don't have to be the same shape as the active site
phosphate tail
ATP is made unstable by the three adjacent negative charges in its -----, which "want" very badly to get further away from each other.
reduction
The process in which electrons and energy are added to a molecule/atom.
activation energy
enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the required ----
redox reactions
chemical reactions that happen during cellular respiration
shape
the ---- and charge of substrate and enzyme active site must be complimentary
cell membrane
In aerobic PROKARYOTIC (NO MITOCHONDRIA) cells, the electron transport chain takes place on the folded inner surface of the ----
inhibitors
These molecules cause the reaction to stop completely
substrate
The substance(s) acted upon by an enzyme
pH; salinity
Below or above the optimum ---- and ---- levels, there is a risk of the enzymes denaturing and the reaction rate slowing down.
reaction rate
If an inhibitor is competitive, it will decrease the ---- when there's not much substrate, but can be "out-competed" by lots of substrate.
cytoplasm/cytosol
both forms of respiration involve glycolysis as its first step, which is carried out in the ----
transformed
energy is simply ---- (from one type of energy to another type) and transferred from one place or organism to another as it moves through the ecosystem.
coenzymes
organic molecules that attach to and activate specific enzymes.
bioenergetics
a field of Biology that concerns energy flow through living systems
Glycolysis
During the process, Glucose is broken into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvate or pyruvic acid.
producers
(like plants and algae) get matter from carbon dioxide, water, and minerals (from the soil); get energy from sunlight
substrate concentration
The rate of reaction increases with increasing ----up to a point, beyond which any further increase in ---- produces no significant change in reaction rate.
endergonic
reactions that absorb heat energy
kinetic energy
the energy of movement. (Usually refers to the movement of electrons or protons in Biology.)
energy investment phase
glycolysis phases in which two ATPs are used to modify a 6-carbon glucose
potential energy
energy in its stored form. (In Biology, this usually refers to the energy stored in the bonds of chemicals.)
NADH
electron carrier in cellular respiration
hydrogen bonds
denaturation of an enzyme due to changes in pH or temperature is due to the disruption of the ---- which help to provide and support the shape/structure of the enzyme
enzymes
proteins which catalyze chemical reactions; increase the rate of biological reactions
negative feedback
In relation to metabolic pathways, means that the end product feeds back to the reaction by becoming an inhibitor for enzyme one.
active site
area where substrate binds to the enzyme
electron transport chain
(3rd step of CELLULAR respiration) During this process, the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) that were formed during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are oxidized. The energy from these electrons is used to create large amounts of ATP.
energy payoff phase
AKA Energy Harvesting Phase—During this stage, each of the two G3P molecules formed during the energy investment phase is oxidized.
phosphorylation
a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose; this reaction also releases energy and is spontaneous; shows how reaction coupling involving ATP can work through -----
ATP structure
exergonic
reactions that release heat energy
coupling
During ---- an energetically favorable/spontaneous reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable (endergonic) reaction. This essentially means that a reaction that releases energy (like the hydrolysis of ATP) is often ---- with reactions that require an input of energy.
protein kinases
It is the job of a group of enzymes known as ---- to carry out the many phosphorylations that happen in a cell.
cellular respiration
the process of releasing the energy contained in organic molecules (food)
oxidation
The process in which electrons and energy are removed from a molecule/atom.
Section 2
(50 cards)
ATP synthase
An enzyme, ----, embedded in the inner membrane, has a channel that will allow protons/H+ ions to move through it. Since this is the only way back into the matrix (in eukaryotes) or prokaryotic cell (because the nonpolar nature of the inner membrane won't allow protons to cross it), the protons/H+ ions move quickly through the ---- channel. The enzyme is able to use the kinetic energy of the moving protons/hydrogen ions to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. The energy from a single proton provides the energy to create a single ATP molecule
krebs cycle
occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) and in the cytoplasm of aerobic prokaryotic cells; the 2 Acetyl CoA molecules (the remains of the original glucose molecule from glycolysis) are oxidized. Their electrons and energy are transferred to the electron carriers/coenzymes NAD+ or FAD to make either NADH or FADH2 (electron carriers) . Two molecules of ATP (per glucose) are also produced via the process of substrate level phosphorylation.
absorption spectrum
photon
the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It is the basic unit of all light; the smallest packet of light energy that is possible; always in motion and, in a vacuum, travel constantly at the speed of light
red and blue
Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green light and absorbs ---- light.
Calvin cycle
AKA light independent reactions; occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of photosynthetic prokaryotes. During this phase, the energy from the NADPH and ATP (formed during the light dependent reactions) is used to reduce and phosphorylate carbon dioxide gas to create G3P and ultimately glucose. Glucose is an energy storage molecule that can be readily stored and/or transported to other parts of the plant like the roots and stems.
amino acids
In order to use proteins for energy, the body must first break the proteins down into individual ---- in order to create a 2 carbon group that can be attached to acetyl CoA and enter Krebs Cycle
the pyruvate conversion
Before Krebs Cycle can start, the pyruvate (a 3 carbon molecule created during glycolysis) is transported from the cytosol to the mitochondrion where it is oxidized more. It is first converted to a 2 carbon molecule known as an acetyl group. This conversion process occurs in the mitochondria and is referred to as the Preparatory Step, the Transition Step, or ----
phase 1
---- of photosynthesis: light dependent reactions; occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts of leaf cells in eukaryotes and folds of cell membrane in prokaryotes
carbon dioxide gas
By the end of Krebs Cycle, all of the carbon atoms from the original sugar are released as ----.
chlorophyll
A green light-absorbing pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some protists; also embedded in the cell membranes of cyanobacteria.
carbon fixation
phase 1 of light independent reactions; During this phase, a carbon dioxide molecule is attached to a 5-carbon chain known as ribulose bisphosphate by an enzyme known as Rubisco or RuBP Carboxylase. This forms an unstable 6 carbon compound that quickly breaks into two 3 carbon chains that are referred to as phosphoglycerate or PGA molecules. Think of a PGA molecule as ½ of a glucose molecule, but without the stored energy.
heterotrophs
Organisms that "consume" other organisms in order to obtain energy and nutrients/matter
h2o
two ---- molecules are split to continue providing electrons to photosystem two. they are split into 2 sets of 2 electrons, four h+ ions, and oxygen gas
Krebs cycle products
6 nadh form, 2 fadh2 form, two atp molecules form, (these amounts are double because the glucose molecule is broken in two)
electromagnetic spectrum
the ---- illustrates the relationship between frequency and wavelength for each form of electromagnetic radiation
Krebs cycle molecules formed
most energy is held in nadh
light dependent reactions
two electrons jump from magnesium to photosystem two and get passed from electron acceptor to electron acceptor (losing energy through redox reactions) as protons move into the thylakoid using released energy from electrons until reaching photosystem 1 which energizes the electrons who then move down another electron transport chain using this energy to reduce Nadp+ and 2 electrons + H-> NADPH (electron carrier)
thylakoids
saclike structures stacked within the chloroplast; The pigment molecules needed for photosynthesis are embedded in the membranes
lactic acid fermentation
The products of bacterial ---- have been used by humans to create food products such as yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk, and sour dough bread.
diffuses
in light dependent reactions, oxygen gas ---- out of the plant, but some is saved for oxidative phosphorylation
alcoholic fermentation
During ----, the pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid) molecules from glycolysis are used to oxidize NADH and convert it back to NAD+. During the process ethanol and carbon dioxide gas are created as byproducts. Yeasts and some bacteria are capable of carrying out the process of ----. Beer, wine, and some types of bread are produced using the products of ----.
glycolysis and fermentation
2 phases of anaerobic respiration
autotrophs
Organisms that can "produce" their own food, most through photosynthesis
final electron acceptor
The role of oxygen in aerobic respiration is to remove the electrons from the final cytochrome. Because of its role, oxygen is often referred to as the ----(/terminal)----
fatty acid chains
In order to use lipids for energy, the ---- undergo a process that breaks them into 2 carbon skeletons and attaches them to acetyl CoA in order to enter Krebs Cycle
Chlorophyll B
a yellowish-green pigment which acts mainly as an accessory pigment. This means that it absorbs some wavelengths of light that chlorophyll A isn't able to absorb. ---- then passes the absorbed energy to Chlorophyll A.
oxygen concentration
Larger and more active organisms use anaerobic cellular respiration to supplement ATP production in times of low ----. This type of situation might arise when the organism is running at full speed or exerting the muscles with full force (lifting extremely heavy weights).
o2, nadph, atp
products of light dependent reactions
grana
stacks of thylakoids
pigment proteins
Different types of ---- appear as different colors because they absorb and reflect different wavelengths/colors of light. The absorbed light is used to provide the energy to make glucose. The reflected light is not used by the plant.
photosystems
complex arrangements of many chlorophyll A molecules with other pigments, including chlorophyll b and carotenoids. The ---- are embedded within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.
chemiosmosis
The process of using energy from a proton/H+ ion gradient to phosphorylate ADP with an inorganic phosphate group is known as ----. This process is responsible for the creation of most of the ATP created during both aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
protons
---- move out of thylakoid through the atp synthase which provides the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to create ATP
photosystem two
comes first in the path of electron flow but was discovered second
oxygen gas
Fermentation's only role is to free up NAD+ so that it is available to keep glycolysis going in the absence of ----.
citric acid cycle
The Krebs Cycle is also sometimes referred to as the ---- because citrate is the first thing formed.
Acetyl Coenyzme A
During this process, each pyruvate is oxidized. Two electrons from each pyruvate are transferred to NAD+ molecules to form two molecules of NADH. Each pyruvate releases one of its carbons as a carbon dioxide molecule. The resulting 2 carbon acetyl groups each attach to a molecule known as coenzyme A to form two molecules of ----. These molecules serve as the starting point for the Krebs Cycle.
Products of Glycolysis
2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, 2 net molecules of ATP (2 more in the end than reaction began with)
chloroplast structure
stroma, granum, thylakoids, membranes, ribosomes, dna; double membrane structure
photosynthesis equation
Chlorophyll A
This is the main pigment found in all plants and algae. It is a protein which consists of a ring of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms, connected to a central atom of magnesium. This is very similar in structure to the heme group found in hemoglobin, except that in heme the central atom is iron, whereas in ---- it is magnesium. ---- is best at absorbing blue and red wavelengths of light. ---- reflects most green and yellow wavelengths. This is why it appears green.
oxygen
glycolysis occurs with or without the presence of ---- in the cell
mitochondria
In eukaryotic cells, the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain phases of aerobic cellular respiration take place within the ----.
Electron Carriers of Cellular Respiration
NADH & FADH2
PSII and PSI
two types of photosystems in the light-dependent reactions
mitochondria structure
carotenoids
a group of yellow, orange, and red pigments which (like Chlorophyll B) act as accessory pigments.
proteins and lipids
Although we normally think of sugars/carbohydrates as the source of energy for our bodies, ---- can also be used to fuel the body.
aerobic v. anaerobic
Section 3
(8 cards)