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Biology~Genetics

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Section 1

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Karyotype

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Biology Science

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 14, 2020

Cards (46)

Section 1

(46 cards)

Karyotype

Front

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species-- used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

Back

Meiosis I

Front

homologous chromosomes separate, results in 2 diploid cells.

Back

Meiosis II

Front

Sister chromatids separate Results in 4 haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes

Back

Meiosis I: Prophase I

Front

The nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromatin tightly coils up. Homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids, come together. Chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments in a process called crossing over.

Back

homozygous

Front

two of the same alleles. If it is two upper case, the trait is dominant, if it is two lower case, the trait is recessive; (RR/rr)

Back

Genotypic ratio

Front

count the number of squares that have the same letter combination

Back

homozygous dominant

Front

Two copies of the dominant allele makes up the genotype. There are two upper case letters.

Back

sickle cell anemia

Front

an autosomal recessive disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

Back

Meiosis II: Anaphase II

Front

Sister chromatids separate, individual chromosomes move toward opposite poles.

Back

Meiosis

Front

process by which 4 reproductive cells are made in a sexually reproducing organism

Back

polygenic inheritance

Front

traits controlled by more than one gene

Back

gene

Front

a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein.

Back

pedigree chart

Front

a way of identifying inheritance patterns in genetic diseases and disorders in a family. No color in shape = normal, half color in shape= carrier, color in shape = disease

Back

incomplete dominance

Front

two alleles blend together, giving a heterozygote a blended phenotype

Back

Diploid

Front

a cell that contains two copies of every chromosomes. All "autosomal" cells.

Back

46

Front

human diploid number

Back

Steps of Meiosis

Front

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

Back

Huntington's Disease

Front

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

Back

Turner's Syndrome

Front

Back

homozygous recessive

Front

Two copies of the recessive allele make up the genotype. When there are two lower case letters together

Back

X-linked (sex-linked)

Front

gene found on the X chromosomes; traits more common in males since males only have one copy of the gene. (if they receive the recessive allele they have no dominant allele to mask it).

Back

Meiosis I: Anaphase I

Front

As the cell moves into anaphase I, the homologous pairs of chromosomes separate. During anaphase I, spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell.

Back

X chromosome

Front

Females have two; many genetic diseases are carried on the x chromosome

Back

Hemophilia

Front

An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

Back

alleles

Front

one version of a gene. You have one on a chromosome from Mom, the other on the chromosome from Dad. They are represented by capital or lower case letters.

Back

codominance

Front

two alleles share dominance by both expressing themselves

Back

homozygous x homozygous

Front

no ratio; 100% have the same genotype and phenotype

Back

dominant allele

Front

A version of a gene where you only need one copy in order to express that trait. Represented by a capital letter

Back

complete dominance

Front

the dominant allele will take over the appearance of the recessive allele when there is an uppercase and a lower case together

Back

Trisomy

Front

a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities

Back

Phenotypic ratio

Front

count the number of squares that have different physical appearances

Back

Haploid

Front

a cell that contains half the number of chromosomes of the body cell. Sex cells-- sperm and eggs.

Back

phenotype

Front

How the genotype is expressed in the individual.

Back

Klinefelter Syndrome

Front

Back

recessive allele

Front

A version of a gene that is not expressed if paired with a different type of allele. Represented by a lowercase letter.

Back

gamete

Front

sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell

Back

Crossing Over

Front

creates variations between gametes, homologous chromosomes mix genes in prophase I.

Back

Blood Types

Front

A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

Back

Y chromosome

Front

only found in males, smaller than the X chromosome.

Back

heterozygous x heterozygous

Front

results in a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio

Back

genotype

Front

The genetic makeup-- the alleles a person has.

Back

23

Front

human haploid number

Back

heterozygous

Front

A genotype with two different alleles. One capital next to a lower letter; the capital is dominant and is next to a recessive allele; (Rr)

Back

Cystic Fibrosis

Front

autosomal recessive disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system of the individual

Back

Punnet Square

Front

A tool that is used to determine the likelihood of offspring traits.

Back

Red-Green Color Blindness

Front

A common, recessive sex-linked genetic trait.

Back