Section 1
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ectoderm
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (60)
Section 1
(50 cards)
ectoderm
blue, outer layer, creates the epidermis
neurogenia placodes
sense organ precusor
monophyly
common ancestor and all descendents
enterocoely
coelom buds off the archenteron via enterocoelic pouches
Alfred Russel Wallace
survival of the fittest, dabbled on natural selection
blastula
hollow balls of cells
new head hypothesis
organisms have centralized their structures in their head as well as changed feeding means in order to become a better predator (muscular pharynx, eyes, nose, mouth, ears)
invagination
turning in on oneself
Georges Cuvier
form and function, comparative methods, species immutable (unchanging), organisms exhibit ideal forms
hypothesis
common ancestry based on different characteristics
schizocoely
mesoderm splits to form the coelem
nodes
common ancestor
gastrulation
formation of germ layers
Charles Darwin
natural selection, survival of the fittest, tree of life
5 chordate characteristics
postanal tail, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal nerve cord, endostyle,
paraxial
posterior somite, segmented, lateral to the neural tube
homoplasy
structures resemble one another but develop on separate lineages (birds & bees)
morphogenesis
making of the morphology
somites
blocks of mesoderm that begin differentiation (through cavitation)
taxonomic approach
biology of a particular group of vertebrates is described in detail followed by another group
direct development
no intermediate stage
compartmentalization
head, trunk, tail (segments)
organogenesis
creation of organs
peramorphosis
formation of entirely new shapes beyond typical adult bodies
indirect development
metamorphosis
regional approach
comparing structure and function of the different general body regions (E.S Goodrich)
muscularized hypomeres
muscles that move the gills
paraphyly
common ancestor and some descendents
mesoderm
middle layer, red, creates the notochord
archetype
ancestral form
pleisomorphy
ancestral characteristic
Richard Owen
archetypes, homology
homology
structures have morphological resemblance to each other and with shared common ancestry (mammals)
embryogenesis
making an embryo
ontogeny
an animals individual development
endoderm
inner layer, yellow, creates the liver
sister taxa
shares a node
systematic approach
allows us to trace the evolution of organ systems using phylogenic trees (character analysis)
branches
lines from nodes which lead to taxons
deuterostome
anus develops first, radial cleavage, enterocoely
phylogeny
organismal lineage, we assume evolution has occured
cleavage
cell division without growth (end product is Blastula)
autoapomorphy
unique characteristics
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
progressive change of characters and species dictated by use or disuse (giraffes neck)
synapomorphy
shared derived characteristics
Carl Linnaeus
species unchanged, used characters to group organisms, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature
neural crest cells
form from the nerve cord and form almost everything
neurulation
creation of the dorsal hollow nerve cord and neural crest cells
protostome
mouth develops first, spiral cleavage, schizocoely
paedomorphism
retention of larval or embryonic characteristics
Section 2
(10 cards)