Section 1
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Synovial membranes
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (172)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Synovial membranes
re a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another.
tissue membrane
thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities
mesoderm
middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive
endothelium
tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract
histology
microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function
chondrocytes
cells of the cartilage
exocrine gland
group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body
merocrine secretion
release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis
muscle tissue
type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.
transitional epithelium
form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine
holocrine secretion
release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion
endocrine gland
groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood
apical
that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space
simple cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules
basement membrane
in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina
anchoring junction
mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane
tissue
group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions
epithelial membrane
epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue
connective tissue
type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body's organs and systems
simple columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs
endoderm
innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive
areolar tissue
(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
Columnar epithelia,
which form the lining of the digestive tract, can be either simple or stratified. The cells are long and narrow. The nucleus is elongated and located on the basal side of the cell. Ciliated columnar epithelium is composed of simple columnar epithelial cells that display cilia on their apical surfaces.
mucous membrane
tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment
stratified squamous epithelium
tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion
stratified cuboidal epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts
reticular lamina
matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane
mucous gland
group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant
totipotent
embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body
serous membrane
type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid
apocrine secretion
release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell
adipose tissue
specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat
stratified columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts
adipocytes
lipid storage cells
nervous tissue
type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.
tight junction
forms an impermeable barrier between cells
basal lamina
thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues
connective tissue membrane
connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints
synovial membrane
connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication
serous gland
group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface
mesothelium
simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes
simple squamous epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface
epithelial tissue
type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion
gap junction
allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells
cell junction
point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue
lamina propria
areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane
goblet cell
unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous
cutaneous membrane
skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body
ectoderm
outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive
Section 2
(50 cards)
inflammation
response of tissue to injury
dermis
layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures
dense connective tissue
connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection
mesenchymal cell
adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived
wound contraction
process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy
mucous connective tissue
specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord
myocyte
muscle cells
connective tissue proper
connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.
collagen fiber
flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength
neuroglia
supportive neural cells
skeletal muscle
usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated
dermal papilla
(plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis
fibrocartilage
tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance
astrocyte
star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier
cardiac muscle
heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously
mesenchyme
embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive
oligodendrocyte
neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain
necrosis
accidental death of cells and tissues
fibrocyte
less active form of fibroblast
reticular tissue
type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver
eleiden
clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
parenchyma
functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ
elastic cartilage
type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity
elastic fiber
fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size
striation
alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern
atrophy
loss of mass and function
reticular fiber
fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue
Astrocytes
regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.
fluid connective tissue
specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins
apoptosis
programmed cell death
desmosome
structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells
myelin
layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons
albinism
genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production
matrix
extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers
fibroblast
most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space
Schwann cell
neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system
basal cell
type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis
supportive connective tissue
type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue
loose connective tissue
(also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix
primary union
condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing
ground substance
fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix
secondary union
wound healing facilitated by wound contraction
neuron
excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses
clotting
also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance
histamine
chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability
smooth muscle
under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber
elastin fibers
fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis
Section 3
(50 cards)
reticular layer
deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers
Merkel cell
receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch
lunula
basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium
epidermis
outermost tissue layer of the skin
nail fold
fold of epithelium at that extend over the sides of the nail body, holding it in place
keratinocyte
cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis
stratum spinosum
layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes
melanosome
intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis
apocrine sweat gland
type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions
nail body
main keratinous plate that forms the nail
anagen
active phase of the hair growth cycle
stratum lucidum
layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits
nail bed
layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms
keratin
type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties
integumentary system
skin and its accessory structures
hair papilla
mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle
stratum basale
deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells
keratohyalin
granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum
sebaceous gland
type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair by secreting sebum
cortex
in hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb
melanin
pigment that determines the color of hair and skin
hypodermis
connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle
stratum corneum
most superficial layer of the epidermis
catagen
transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle
glassy membrane
layer of connective tissue that surrounds the base of the hair follicle, connecting it to the dermis
papillary layer
superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue
arrector pili
smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair "stand up"
hair shaft
part of hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle
internal root sheath
innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft
stratum granulosum
layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum
nail cuticle
fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium
hair follicle
cavity or sac from which hair originates
telogen
resting phase of the hair growth cycle initiated with catagen and terminated by the beginning of a new anagen phase of hair growth
eccrine sweat gland
type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation
medulla
in hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix
vitiligo
skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches
hyponychium
thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail
hair root
part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle
cuticle
in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb
Langerhans cell
specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage
sebum
oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids that lubricates the skin and hair
hair bulb
structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla
eponychium
nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body, also called the cuticle
melanin
The pigment ___produced by melanocytes, is primarily responsible for skin color. Melanin comes in different shades of brown and black. Individuals with darker skin have darker, more abundant melanin, whereas fair-skinned individuals have a lighter shade of skin and less melanin. Exposure to UV irradiation stimulates the melanocytes to produce and secrete more melanin.
hair matrix
layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows
melanocyte
cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin
sudoriferous gland
sweat gland
external root sheath
outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root
nail root
part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis from which the nail grows
hair
keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis
Section 4
(22 cards)