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Intro to Language Structure

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Section 1

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compounding

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (93)

Section 1

(50 cards)

compounding

Front

combining free morphemes (put two words together)

Back

What do not have fixed forms

Front

IMs

Back

affixation

Front

adding prefixes and suffixes to form new words

Back

what is an example of a superlative

Front

prettiest

Back

DMs can change the (blank) of a word, but not its (blank)

Front

underlying meaning lexical category

Back

Minor Parts of Speech

Front

consist of "everything else" (prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, auxiliary verbs, numbers, determiners, etc.)

Back

what is a subject in relation to meaning

Front

what the sentence is about

Back

what are the different properties and behaviors of lexical categories

Front

Major Parts of Speech and Minor Parts of Speech

Back

what is a subject in relation to structure

Front

the subject position of a sentence precedes the predicate

Back

what part of speech is considered a "closed" category meaning very few, if any, new words enter these categories

Front

minor part of speech

Back

acronym

Front

pronounce the letters as a word (gif-graphics interchange format, NASA- national aeronautics and space administration, nascar- national association for stock car auto racing)

Back

Major Parts of Speech

Front

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Back

what is a predicate

Front

the predicate says something about the subject of the sentence

Back

in a word order test, where would find a verb

Front

verbs can be found following the subject position of the sentence

Back

meaning test

Front

certain types of words refer to specific kinds of information

Back

bound morphemes (BMs)

Front

Re- Un- -ment -ly -plural, -past tense

Back

words that are 3 words or longer cannot signal the (blank) with the -er form

Front

the -comparative

Back

what are examples of morphs for the IM plural

Front

-es, -s, and vowel shift

Back

stative category of verbs in the meaning test

Front

relation: be (to be) (I am hungry, I am at school); owe possess, have cognition: comprehend, understand, perceive emotion: love, hate, like, envy

Back

initialism

Front

each letter is pronounced individually (CSUCI, UCLA, RSVP)

Back

lexical category tests

Front

word order test meaning test

Back

"more" is a morph

Front

-comparative

Back

why are words classified into different lexical categories

Front

they have different properties and behaviors

Back

what do not have fixed forms

Front

inflectional Morphemes

Back

blending

Front

combining non-morphemes parts of words (smog=smoke+fog, fanzine=fan+magazine)

Back

word order test

Front

certain types of words can be found in specific locations within sentences

Back

derivational morphemes have (blank) functions in relation to lexical category and underlying meaning

Front

two

Back

functional shift

Front

words that belong to one lexical category take on the properties of another (electronic mail--> email(shortening)-->email (shortening)) originally email was a noun, now it can also be used as a verb text (noun)--> text (verb)-a functional shift

Back

Derivational Morphemes (DMs) can change the (blank) but not its (blank)

Front

lexical category of a word but not its underlying meaning

Back

in a word order test, where would you find an adjective

Front

can be found in front of the noun that it provides information about

Back

What part of speech is "structural" meaning they help connect and organize the "content" words

Front

minor part of speech

Back

what carries grammatical information

Front

IMs

Back

inflection

Front

inflectional morphemes carry grammatical information

Back

derivations

Front

adding derivational morphemes to create new words

Back

borrowing

Front

borrowing words from a different language such (sushi from japan, algebra from arabic)

Back

what does have fixed forms

Front

Derivational Morphemes

Back

in a word order test, where would you find the noun

Front

nouns can be found in the subject position of a sentence

Back

words are put into lexical categories based on

Front

their different properties and behaviors

Back

which part of speech triggers a network of sensory images because it consists of content words (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch)

Front

Major PoS

Back

shortening

Front

words get shortened (narcotics to narc, legitimate to legit)

Back

acronyms and initialisms are created by

Front

taking the first letter of the underlying terms

Back

lexical semantics

Front

study of the behavior of words

Back

what part of speech has "open" categories meaning new words can enter these categories (also means old expressions are leaving our language)

Front

Major Part of Speech

Back

dynamic verbs in a meaning test

Front

durative: have a duration (take time foe the action to complete) activities: action verbs (walk, eat, study) process: before and after (grow, shrink, become, etc.) punctual

Back

how would you do a meaning test for a noun

Front

noun refers to a persons, places, or things airplane is a thing nouns refer to things therefore, airplane is a noun democracy democracy is a concept nouns refer to concepts therefore, democracy is a noun

Back

in a meaning test, what two big categories do verbs belong to

Front

dynamic and stative

Back

4 tests

Front

abstract description specific descriptions of the test for noun, verb, and adverb examples

Back

what doe superlatives indicate

Front

maximum value of property described by an adjective

Back

lexical category

Front

parts of speech (noun, adjective, conjunction, adverb, verb, pronoun, determiner, auxiliary verb, preposition, etc.)

Back

semantic shift

Front

changes or additions to the meaning of the word revolution before: turning now: violent uprising, overturning dove/hawk

Back

Section 2

(43 cards)

verbs take on the past tense for a parallel forms test

Front

eat (v) eat(verb)+past= ate nouns and adjective do not apply

Back

meaning test for "buy"

Front

buy describes an action. Verbs describe actions. Therefore, "buy" is a verb.

Back

word order test for apple

Front

[that apple (n;s) tastes good nouns can be found in the subject position of a sentence

Back

determiners provide information about

Front

1. definiteness (the party vs. a part; assumptions about what the other person is expected to know; articles a, an, & the) 2. quantity (some, many, few) 3. number (cardinal numbers (1,2,3..); ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd...) 4. distance from speaker (demonstrative determiners (this, that, those, these) 5. possession

Back

all of the test for the word "easy "

Front

W.O.: The easy test M.: easy provides information about a property of difficulty. adjectives provide information about the property of a noun . Therefore, "easy" is an adjective P.F.:--> Easy+comp=easier C.O.: very(int) easy(adj) adjectives can be preceded by intensifiers

Back

bound morpheme

Front

bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words

Back

explanation of verbs

Front

verbs describe actions or states of being study is an action verbs refer to actions therefore, study is a verb sleep sleep is an action does it have duration (yes, dynamic durative) verbs describe actions therefore, "sleep" is a verb

Back

intensifiers

Front

a subcategory of adverb (very, really, extremely, etc.)

Back

adjectives in a meaning test

Front

provide information about a property (or characteristic) of nouns

Back

word order test for "run"

Front

the girl (noun/subject) runs(verb)

Back

parallel forms test for "fly"

Front

fly+plural=flies

Back

response format for co-occurrence test for "hungry"

Front

adjectives can be preceded by intensifiers very (int) hungry (a) really (int) hungry(a)

Back

meaning test for "windy"

Front

windy is a descriptor of weather things that describe nouns are adjectives windy is an adjective

Back

co-occurrence test for bicycle

Front

a (det) bicycle the(det) bicycle

Back

where do you find determiners

Front

determiners precede nouns they also precede adjectives that modify that same noun they also precede the adverb that modifies the adjective that modifies the noun

Back

co-occurrence test for "windy"

Front

very(int)+windy(a) really (int.)+windy(a)

Back

morpheme

Front

smallest unit of a word that comes from meaning or performs a grammatical function

Back

adjectives take on the comparative and superlative of the parallel forms test

Front

hungry (adj) hungry (adj)+comp= hungrier hungry (adj)+super=hungriest verbs and nouns do not apply

Back

co-occurrence test for "fly"

Front

the (det) fly(noun) nouns can be preceded by determiners

Back

parallel forms test for "heavy"

Front

heavy+comp.= heavier heavy+super.=heaviest

Back

parallel forms test for "run"

Front

run (verb)+past tense=ran

Back

examples of bound morphemes

Front

re- un- -ment -ly -plural -past tense

Back

co-occurrence test for "catch"

Front

I must (modul) catch (verb) that plane. verbs can be preceded by modules

Back

response format for co-occurrence test for "eat"

Front

verbs can be preceded by modals I will (modal) eat(verb) dinner.

Back

response format for a parallel forms test on the word "cat" and the plural

Front

cat (noun) cat (noun)+pl--> cats verbs and adj. do not apply here

Back

word order test for "quiet"

Front

a "quiet" (a) place(noun) adjectives can be found in front if the noun it provides information about.

Back

meaning test for "run"

Front

run is an active, durative dynamic action verbs describe actions run is a verb

Back

parallel forms test for "buy"

Front

buy+past=bought

Back

co-occurrence test

Front

certain types of words can be found with other types of words

Back

some verbs have multiple categories

Front

she felt (activity) the fabric she felt (emotion) calm

Back

word order test for "catch"

Front

he (subj) caught (verb) the fish verbs can be found following the subject position of a sentence

Back

word order test for "bicycle"

Front

the bicycle(noun/subject) is red the bicycle (noun/subject) is big

Back

response format for co-occurrence test for "cat"

Front

nouns can be preceded by determiners (a/an, the) annotated ex: a (determiner) cat(noun)

Back

parallel forms of the word "bicycle"

Front

bicycle+plural= bicycles

Back

what are two functions of derivational morphemes

Front

-can change lexical category of a word, but not its underlying meaning -can change the underlying meaning, but not its lexical category

Back

co-occurrence test for "quiet"

Front

very (int) quiet(adjective) adjectives can be preceded by intensifiers

Back

parallel forms of the word "windy"

Front

windy(adj)+comp=windier windy(adj)+sup.=windiest

Back

free morphemes

Front

can stand alone as words

Back

meaning test for "heavy"

Front

heavy provides information about the property of weight. adjective provide information about the properties of nouns. therefore, "heavy" is an adjective

Back

Response format to an adjective in a meaning test

Front

1. generate a list of words that are similar to the target word (synonyms) (ugly, ravishing, beautiful, hideous) 2. label the group of words; what property describes the words (aesthetic, beauty, appearance) 3. logical statement- pretty is a property of appearance. adjectives provide information about properties of nouns. therefore, "pretty" is an adjective.

Back

Parallel forms test

Front

certain types of of words take on specific pieces of grammatical information

Back

modals

Front

words that provide information about a speaker's perspective or attitude toward the action or state described by a verb (will might, should, must, etc)

Back

meaning test for "apple"

Front

apple is a thing nouns refer to things therefore, "apple" is a noun

Back