Section 1
Preview this deck
sensory feedback from the throat, larynx, trachea and epiglottis is routed through what cranial nerve?
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (103)
Section 1
(50 cards)
sensory feedback from the throat, larynx, trachea and epiglottis is routed through what cranial nerve?
Vagus Nerve CN X
what bone makes up the roof of mouth and hard palate?
maxilla
what muscle attaches the back part of the skull (mastoid process) to the bottom of the jaw through a looping tendon one the hyoid?
Diagastric
the nasal cavity is sent sensory feedback primarily from what nerve?
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
anything below the epiglottis is considered to be what part of the pharynx?
laryngopharynx
when a patient is paralyzed on their back, what 3 things will fall back and potentially occlude airway?
-soft palate -tongue -epiglottis
where are vocal cords found?
larynx
R lung vs L lung: length lobes # fissures
R lung: -shorter -3 lobes -2 fissures: 1 horizontal, 1 oblique L lung: -longer -2 lobes -1 fissures: 1 oblique
when swallowing what does the epiglottis do? when breathing what does the epiglottis do?
swallowing: epiglottis pivots down to seal off the airway breathing: epiglottis pivots up to keep airway open
3 areas of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx (1st 1/3) 2. oropharynx (2nd 1/3) 3. laryngopharynx (3rd 1/3)
what is the connective tissue layer that extends all the way around the lungs?
visceral pleura **it is continuous with the borders of the lobes of the lung, hilum, and extends into the broncho-pulmonary segments
are cartilage rings continuous around trachea and mainstems?
NO **therefore vulnerable to damage at the back side
what cranial nerve sits on top of the nasal cavavity and grows into/through the ethmoid bone?
CN 1 Olfactory nerve
"floating bone"
hyoid bone
sensory feedback from the back of the oropharynx/nasopharynx, the back portion of the tongue, and feedback from the carotid bifurcation is routed through what cranial nerve?
Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
hyoid bone: 3 components
1. body(middle, anterior) 2. lesser horns (anterior, superior) 3. greater horns (back, superior)
where are the costodiaphragmatic and mediastinal recesses? what are they filled with?
Costodiaphragmatic= bottom corner, where lung sits on top of diaphragm Mediastinal recess= area of lung that borders the mediastinum -filled with minimum slippery/mucous based fluid
what are the 2 muscles under the tongue and attach the hyoid to the mandible?
1. mylohyoid 2. geniohyoid (superior to mylohyoid, attaches to mandible)
blood vessels in nasal cavity originate from what artery? what feeds that artery?
-originate from ophthalmic artery -internal carotid artery feeds the ophthalmic artery
position of airways in chest
large mainstem bronchi in the back→ PAs anterior to mainstems→ PVs anterior to PAs ...esophagus is posterior to trachea
the hyoid bone provides attachment points for what?
-pharyngeal constrictor muscles -laryngeal cartilage
what set of bones do we need to be careful not to break during nasal intubation?
Concha bones (superior, middle, inferior)
what borders the nasal cavity at the back?
pharynx - at the termination of the hard palate and beginning of soft palate
what kind of innervation in the nose causes the vessels to constrict? what happens if we loose this innervation? what can cause us to loose this innervation?
SNS innervation -if loose SNS innervation: swelling in nose and possibly occlude nose -can kill SNS tone if place a neck/cervical block
what provides protection to the trachea and large airways on the back side?
-spinal column -connective tissue attaches to smooth muscle
Top of trachea= Bottom of trachea=
Top of trachea= larynx Bottom of trachea= carina
what bone makes up the hard palate?
maxilla
3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles and how many segments are in each? what do they attach to? what do they regulate?
1. superior (4 segments) 2. middle (2 segments) 3. inferior (2 segments) attach hyoid bone to the base of the skull/upper neck regulate tension in the throat
angle between the 2 mainstem bronchi
70 degrees
what bone are the superior and middle concha part of? what bone does the inferior concha come off of?
-Superior and middle concha are part of the ethmoid bone -inferior concha comes off of the maxillary bone
what muscles attach the hyoid bone to the sternum?
Sternohyoid (runs full length) Thyrohyoid + Sternothyrohyoid (work together)
Hilum Is the visceral pleura continuous with it?
tissue that contains/connects 2 large mainstream bronchi, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries **where lungs connect with mediastinum yes- visceral pleura is continuous with the hilum
function of cartilage rings in trachea/mainstem?
support/protection: prevent airway from collapse, obstruction, crush
what muscle attaches the hyoid bone to the scapula?
omohyoid
what 3 glands help form saliva?
parotid gland submandibular gland sublingual gland
at what point are the bronchi the most posterior they will be in the chest?
hilum
R mainstem vs L mainstem bronchi -direction -diameter (small or large)
R mainstem: -more verticle -larger diameter L mainstem: -more horizontal -smaller diameter
how much does diaphragm drop down into abdomen during inspiration?
6-8cm **drops more than lungs increase in height with inspiration
pharyngeal tonsils and tympanic canal are structures in what portion of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
pressure sensory in the trachea send feedback to the brain via what cranial nerve?
CV X Vagus nere
3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve what is routed through each division?
V1- - nasal cavity sensory feedback V2- - nasal cavity sensory feedback V3- - somatic sensation in front 2/3 of tongue
what kind of sensations are considered to be somatic sensation?
-pressure -pain -burning -incisions
what is the biggest width cranial nerve?
Trigeminal Nerve CN V
lingual tonsil, vallecula, glands, palatine tonsil, soft palate and hard palate are structures found in what portion of the pharynx?
oropharynx
alveolar sac
collection of alveoli that are sitting next to each other **function as a unit
what bronchi is more likely to get stuff stuck in it?
R
dental access in the jaw can drain into and cause issues in what area?
fascia around pharyngeal constrictors
the epiglottis sits inferior and posterior to what tonsil?
lingual tonsil
divisions/branching of airways: primary secondary tertiary
primary -mainstem bronchi -no gas exchange, conducting pathways secondary - lobar branches -5 lobar branches (5 lobes total) tertiary -broncho-pulmonary branches -10 on R side -8-10 on L side -conducting/terminal bronchioles
what is the name of the tongue muscle? what is its primary connection point?
Genioglossus *sits on top of the geniohyoid and the mylohyoid muscle primary connection point= mandible
Section 2
(50 cards)
what are the primary centers in the brainstem that control/regulate breathing?
pons medulla
what is the wring shaped cartilage that sits just below the thyroid cartilage?
cricoid cartilage
in pediatrics, what is the narrowest part of the airway?
cricoid cartilage (until 10y)
laryngeal muscles are all ______________ muscles and are innervated by branches of the ____________ nerve.
-skeletal -vagus
what 2 kinds of physical stretch sensors feed into the brainstem to help control breathing?
1. physical stretch sensors- - tell us if lungs have deflated or not 2. blood gas sensors- - look at pO2 and pCO2 in arterial blood
issues with hypo and hypernatremia:
hyponatremia: fluid moving from the blood into the CSF→ ↑ICP hypernatremia: fluid moving from the CSF into the blood
where does the branching happen for the R and L recurrent/laryngeal nerves?
R: under the subclavian artery L: under the aortic arch
Laryngeal muscle: transversearytenoid muscle contraction:
contraction: adduction of vocal cords
what to peripheral chemoreceptors look at?
-pCO2, pH -pO2 in arterial system
where are the carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors found?
-carotid bifurcation -aortic body
where does the thyroid gland sit?
below the thyroid cartilage
the superior laryngeal nerve is a branch off of what bigger nerve? what are the 2 branches of the laryngeal nerve? what branch innervates the cricothyroid muscle that is positioned at the bottom of the larynx?
-vagus nerve -2 branches: internal (sensory?) and external (motor) -the external branch (motor) innervates the cricothyroid muscle
brainstem blood flow -where does most of its perfusion come from?
vertebral arteries circle of willis **most of its perfusion comes from the vertebral arteries
where are invasive airways usually placed?
circothyroid ligament -tissue that attaches to the front of the cricoid and bottom of the thyroid
how do central chemoreceptors monitor what is happening in the periphery?
indirectly -it looks at CO2 moving from CV to CSF
are central chemoreceptors more sensitive to pCO2 or pO2?
pCO2
attachment points of the 2 cura on the skeleton:
R side: - body of L1, L2, L3 -transverse process of L1 L side -body if L1, L2 -transverse process of L1 Rest of thorax: -10th rib -costal cartilage -floating ribs
what is the Adam's apple?
laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage *most anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage *more prominent in med
normal inspiratory and expiratory length in healthy adults?
2 seconds each
series of what is recruited if need to continue to increase ventilation?
diaphragm→ ↑RR→ accessory muscles
3 sections of the brainstem
1. midbrain (top) 2. pons (middle) 3. medulla (bottom)
in an adult, what is the narrowest part of the airway?
between the vocal cords
what is the diamond shaped connective tissue that sits on top of the cricoid cartilage and has the vocal cords attached to it?
arytenoid cartilage
What ions do not cross the BBB very well?
Na H+
accessory muscles
-scalele -serratus anterior -trapezius -abdominals -obliques
at what point do the peripheral O2 chemoreceptors kick in?
pO2 <60mmHg
Laryngeal muscle: thyroarytenoid muscle contraction:
-contraction: adduction of vocal cords
what is inhibited with decreased ventilation?
inhibit DRG/inspiratory centers to decrease RR.... increasing time between breaths
pH of CSF
7.31 (lower than blood)
in trauma, pts with lesions below _________ should be able to breath on their own. if there are lesions above_______, pts will require positive pressure ventilation for the rest of their lives.
C5 C3
cartilage that sits on top of arytenoid cartilage
2 functions of the R/L/inferior/recurrent laryngeal nerves?
1. sensory pathways for trachea 2. motor control for the skeletal muscles that are involved in speech
which lung is larger and sits up higher?
right
how/why does the brain pH reflect what is happening in the CV system?
-CO2 can freely move across BBB because it is a gas -CO2+ O2→ CA→ H + HCO3 **↑CO2 in blood=↓pH
Laryngeal muscle: posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contraction:
-contraction: abducts vocal cords
Laryngeal muscle: Cricothyroid muscle controlled by: contraction:
controlled by: vagus nerve contraction: tighten vocal cords (in pic: ~D)
sleeping respiratory centers dont work like they should with what condition?
SIDS
where are central chemoreceptors located?
in the CSF in the brain and brainstem
what nerve do the inspiratory and expiratory centers deal with?
phrenic nerve
adduction
move towards midline - adduction= closure of vocal cords
what range are blood gases usually kept within?
blood gases will be within 1-2mmHg
what structure does the internal branch of the laryngeal nerve pass through?
thyrohyoid membrane ( connects hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage)
Laryngeal muscle: lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contraction:
contraction: adduction of vocal cords
what do the superior horns of thyroid cartilage connect to? what do the inferior horns of thyroid cartilage connect to?
-superior: connect to they thyrohyoid ligament that connects to the hyoid -inferior: connects to cricoid cartilage
the narrow part of the cricoid cartilage sits in the _____________ and the wide part of the cricoid cartilage sits in the ___________
front back
what spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm? what nerves innervate the accessory muscles>
-C3, C4, C5: diaphragm -spinal nerves lower in the cord innervate accessory muscles
Laryngeal muscle: Vocalis muscle contraction:
contraction: tighten vocal cords (right under vocal cords)
abduction
move away from midline -abbduction= opening of vocal cords
Dorsal Respiratory Group -inspiratory or expiratory control center? -where is it located? -what/how does it stimulate? -how often does it fire?
-inspiratory control -dorsal/posterior side of the medulla -rhythmically controls inspiration -fires once every 5 seconds
normally, the only muscle needed for ventilation is the ______________
diaphragm
Section 3
(3 cards)