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The Structure of Language

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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Section 1

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Violating a rule of descriptive grammar means that...

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (26)

Section 1

(26 cards)

Violating a rule of descriptive grammar means that...

Front

the utterance would be considered ungrammatical to any mature native speaker of ANY dialect Ex. Frank seems sleeping.

Back

Universal rules:

Front

1. rules are always structure dependent switch the subject and predicate of a word to change from statement to question - subject & predicate being structural properties

Back

The study of phonetics is

Front

part of the larger study of language

Back

A sentence can be perfectly meaningful but still be ungramatical

Front

ungramatical: not well formed Ex. This is a four doors car. He drobe a red big car. -Perfectly clear what these sentences mean, but they are ungrammatical

Back

Recursion in language is UNIVERSAL

Front

The grammars of all languages differ in many details, but they ALL exhibit recursion

Back

Front

All human languages are built on the same basic design plan. The broad design features that all languages have in common run deeper and are far more important than the differences in details

Back

Descriptive grammar is the domain of...

Front

LINGUISTICS

Back

Phonological rules

Front

All languages incorporate sound pattern rules called phonological rules

Back

Perscriptive grammar rules

Front

1. Don't end a sentence with a preposition 2. Don't split infinitives 3. Don't use 'like' like this: "So i was like, 'calm down'" 4. Say "Betty and I went..." not, "Betty and me went.."

Back

Language

Front

*the general design structure ~ blueprint~ of all human languages

Back

Language - term used in 2 related but different ways

Front

1. A specific language - French, Portuguese... 2. Much broader sense - The general design plan that is common to ALL LANGUAGES

Back

Prescriptive grammar is the domain of...

Front

"usage experts" (mostly self-appointed and not very knowledgeable)

Back

Recursion

Front

A general principle that can be seen in many areas of many languages In general recursion is seen whenever "things" can be embedded inside of other "things" which in turn can be embedded inside of other "things"which can be... -The branching structure that is seen in trees is another clear instance of recursion main trunk divides into large trunks, which further divide into smaller branches, which divide into yet smaller branches. THIS BRANCHING PATTERN IS EXACTLY WHAT IS SEEN IN LANGUAGE

Back

Languages are defined by their grammars

Front

-a collection of rules that allow a speaker to generate well-formed utterances (and the knowledge to recognize "broken" utterances when they encounter)

Back

the term grammar most recently refers to..

Front

all of the rules of language including syntax (word order rules), semantics (meaning), morphology (rules for creating words out of smaller units called morphemes; to form walking from walk), and phonology (sound pattern)

Back

Purpose

Front

to show how phonetics fits into the language system

Back

What features do all human languages have in common?

Front

Universal Grammar

Back

Agreement rules

Front

Subject & predicate agree for number (plural v singular)

Back

Important

Front

Agreement is not a necessary feature

Back

Descriptive grammar

Front

Rules that real speakers actually use, no matter what teachers, parents, or "usage experts" say.

Back

Perscriptive grammar

Front

Rules that English teachers (and other "experts"), and sometimes your parents, believe speakers OUGHT to use

Back

Recursion is seen in all languages

Front

It is part of the universal grammar

Back

Phonological Rule

Front

beed - beat bid - bit What is the differences between the length of the vowels on the Left v Right? RULE: Vowels are LENGTHENED when they precede VOICED consonants. SHORT when UNVOICED

Back

Universal Grammar

Front

The RULES of all languages are structure dependent

Back

walks labs lips dogs rats doors

Front

What SOUND is added to the 1st vs. 2nd group? Orthographically its always an 's' but what sound? Ends in a voiced sound - form a plural by adding a 'z' unvoiced ends in 's'

Back

This is a four doors car. The issue is...

Front

*grammaticality; utterances CAN BE EASY TO UNDERSTAND but still UNGRAMMATICAL.

Back