Section 1
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Mali
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (125)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Mali
state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers
Arabic numerals
Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West
Abbasids
dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad
Ulama
Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking
Mamluks
Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves
Iconoclasm
the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration
Seljuk Turks
nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids
Dhows
Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants
Abu Bakr
succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph
Sundiata
created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260
Shi'a
followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam
Ibn Battuta
Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world
Mongols
central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph
Songhay
successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao
East African trading ports
urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar
Manzikert
Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory
Bedouin
nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats
Vladmir I
ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity
Gothic
an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls
Vikings
seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily
Jihad
Islamic holy war
Mecca
Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam
Sunnis
followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads
Shrivijaya
trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam
Qur'an
the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam
Five Pillars
the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
Mansa
title of the ruler of Mali
Middle Ages
the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c
Greek Fire
Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople
Hadiths
"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam
Mawali
non-Arab converts to Islam
Icons
images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians
Wazir
chief administrative official under the Abbasids
Great Zimbabwe
with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa
Tatars
Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact
Sufis
Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions
Cyril and Methodius
Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic
Crusades
invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291
Malacca
flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya
Caliph
the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community
Dhimmis
"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus
Rurik
legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855
Umma
community of the faithful within Islam
Ali
cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism
Chinggis Khan
(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms
Medina
town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar
Umayyad
clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty
Kiev
commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c
Muhammad
(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh
Russian Orthodoxy
Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire
Section 2
(50 cards)
Investiture
the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Khmers and Chams
Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi
William the Conqueror
invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England
Yi
dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence
Black Death
bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia
Vassals
members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
Period of the Six Dynasties
era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han
Guilds
associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities
Carolingians
royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c
Wuzong
Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism
Chinggis Khan
born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227
Gempei wars
Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age
Parliaments
bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects
Manorialism
rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection
Southern Song
smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.
Fujiwara
mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power
Bushi
regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies
Footbinding
male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.
Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism
emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia
Three-field system
practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure
Shoguns
military leaders of the bakufu
Charles Martel
first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732
Serfs
peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system
Nguyen
southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi
Samurai
mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor
Holy Roman Emperors
political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy
Sinification
extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions
Hundred Years War
conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.
Jinshi
title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office
Thomas Aquinas
creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God
Bakufu
military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai
Feudalism
personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service
Trung Sisters
leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society
Golden Horde
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c
Hanseatic League
an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
Clovis
King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496
Taika reforms
attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
Pope Urban II
organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control
Scholasticism
dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
Batu
grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236
Junks
Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
Charlemagne
Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800
Seppuku
ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor
Gregory VII
11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops
Ilkhan khanate
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire
Shamanistic religion
Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits
Flying money
Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency
Grand Canal
great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin
Magna Carta
Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law
Daimyos
warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states
Section 3
(25 cards)