Section 1
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scientific theory
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Section 1
(50 cards)
scientific theory
3. A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions is known as a _________________
4. What do ecological pyramids show?
An ecological pyramid (also trophic pyramid, eltonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or sometimes food pyramid) is a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem
emigration
2. Birth and immigration cause population growth. Death and _________ cause population decreases.
lichen
the very important pioneer species.
solution
2. When a mixture of two or more substances are together in a liquid and evenly spread out and mixed, the liquid is said to be a_________
heterotroph
obtain food from other organisms
an organism can "make a living" and survive in its niche
3. Why is an organisms niche like a person's occupation?
autotroph:
make their own food:
photosynthesis
2. process producers like plants use to make energy?
homeostasis
3. The way in which organisms keep everything inside their bodies constant and within certain limits is called______________
abiotic factors
2. Physical components of an ecosystem are called__________________
macromolecules
1. Many organic (come from living things) molecules that are extremely large are called ______________
biotic factors
1. The biological influences on an organism are called______________
greenhouse effect
1. A natural phenomenon that maintains Earth's temperature range is ______ _______.
Estuaries serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish species
4. List why are wetlands are important.
dependent variable
1. The variable of an experiment that is deliberately changed is called the Independent (manipulated) variable. What is the name of the variable that responds to the independent variable? __________________
protons, neutrons, electrons
1. What are the main 3 atomic particles?
Temperate forests are mostly made up of deciduous and evergreen coniferous (koh nif ur us) trees. Cold to moderate winters; warm summers; year round precipitation; fertile soils
4. What is temperate woodland?
climax
3. When a community has returned to "normal" and there is once again diversity the community is said to be a ______ community.
enzyme substrate complex
3. The reactants combined with the enzymes are called _____________
cohesion
3. Attraction between molecules of the same substance is __________
global wind patterns
2. The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in _______ _________.
bias, opinion
2. A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific is a _______
distribution
1. Population numbers and how they are arranged (randomly, uniformly, clumped) are referred to as population density and _______
covalent
3. Ionic bonds occur when 1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, what is the bond called when electon(s) are shared? ___________
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
3. List the organization of ecology from smallest to largest.
The tundra is characterized by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil, long cold winters
3. What is a tundra?
1. List characteristics of living things.
1. made of cells 2. use energy 3. grow and develop 4. reproduce 5. respond to environment
1. Compare and contrast food chains and food webs.
FOOD CHAINS FOLLOW A SINGLE PATH AS ANIMALS EAT EACH OTHER FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW PLANTS & ANIMALS ARE INTERCONNECTED BY DIFFERENT PATHS
4. Compare and contrast decomposers and detritivores.
1."Decomposer" is a general term while detritivores are one of the classifications of decomposers. 2.Decomposers break down the dead organisms through decomposition while the detritivores consume the decaying organisms. 3.Most decomposers are in the forms of bacteria or fungus whereas the detritivores come in different forms, namely; worms, millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, and slugs in the terrestrial aspect.
ecology
1. The branch of biology that deals with interactions among organisms and their environment is_______________.
catalysist
1. What is the term of the part of a chemical reaction that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction?_____________
4. Draw a nitrogen atom. Show charges and label locations. The atomic # for nitrogen is 7 and the mass number is 14.
plants and algae
1. What are the primary producers on land and water?
Near equator, at least 2 meters rain per year
2. What is a tropical rain forest?
estuary
3. An area where fresh water river meets the ocean water is called an ________
the pH scale.
compound
2. Two or more elements joined together in definite amounts is a _________
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
2. What are the four main types of organic molecules?
intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean
2. Put the following in order from on land to the middle of the ocean. coastal ocean, intertidal zone, open ocean
benthos
1. If the ground beneath the ocean water is being discussed, the word ________ describes it best.
reactants + reactants = products
2. Put the symbols in the correct order. + , products, reactants,
ecological succession
1. What is the process or the series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in a community over time, that occurs in an ecosystem after a disturbance?
3.Describe the components of the water cycle or nutrient cycles.
perform
2. A multicellular organism's cells have many differences in cell shape, size and components. This is specialization. This allows cells to ___________ different functions.
logistic growth
3. What kind of growth shows up as an s-shaped curve on a graph?
Only 10% is transferred to the next tropic level
3. What is the percent of energy available within one trophic level when transferred to the next?
Mountains: As moist ocean air rises over the upwind side of coastal mountains, it condenses, cools, and drops precipitation. As the air sinks on the downwind side of the mountain, it expands, warms, and absorbs moisture. Ocean Currents: Cold ocean currents that flow from north to south have the effect of making summers in the region cool relative to other places at the same latitude
1. Explain how the mountain ranges and ocean currents have an effect on regional climates.
They recycle organic material
2. Why are decomposers and detritivores so important in food webs?
limiting
2. An algal bloom, or a dramatic increase in algae and other primary producers is caused by a sudden increase in a _________nutrient.
Section 2
(50 cards)
desertification: loss of topsoil (dust bowl)
2. Explain a specific type of soil erosion.
Stroma
3. Where does the light-independent reaction take place?
light microscope, transmission and scanning electron microscopes no, false color is added by a computer
4. List the types of microscopes mentioned in this section and describe one of them. Are the colorful images of ESM true to life?
A renewable resource can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem. A single southern white pine is an example of a renewable resource because a new tree can grow in place of an old tree that dies or is cut down.
2. Explain what a renewable resource is and give an example.
cellular respiration
2. What is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen?
atp
1. What is one of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy?
prokaryotes (bacteria)
2. What type of cell lacks a membrane bound nucleus, doesn't have organelles(except ribosomes), and are very small.
do not require ATP
1. Osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are all passive transport. Why are they passive transport?
biological magnification
3. If a pollutant is taken into an organism, not broken down, eaten by the next trophic level, and this cycle is repeated, what has occurred?
Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure
3. What 3 things of a population will help predict the rate of growth within a country?
some are specialized for movement, others react to environment
2. What are two ways in which cells are specialized?
Monoculture
1. The practice of clearing large areas of land to plant a single highly productive crop year after year is called_____________.
ecological footprint
1. What is the total area of functioning land and water ecosystems needed both to provide the resources an individual or population uses and to absorb and make harmless the wastes produced?
altered habitats, hunting, introduced species, pollution
3.What are 3 threats to biodiversity?
Endocytosis: (engulfed by cell)
4. Describe one type of bulk transfer across a cell membrane.
competition for food
2. Octopi live in the ocean. Is a drought or is competition for food more likely to be a limiting factor.
protect species, habitats and ecosystems
4. What are some ways to preserve biodiversity?
age-structure diagrams allow scientists to determine if the number of individuals likely to have children will increase or decrease in the future
4. What do age structure diagrams help us to see?
chlorophyll
4. What are the light absorbing molecules that plant have in chloroplasts that are involved in photosynthesis?
Lower solute concentration from the cell
3. Tonicity refers to the strength of the solute in a solution compared with the strength of solute in solution on the other side of a membrane. What would a hypotonic solution be?
Thylakoid
2. Where does the light reaction take place?
1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things 3. new cells are produced from existing cells
1. List the 3 aspects of the cell theory.
demography
1. The scientific study of human populations is called ___________.
Industrial Revolution
2. After the Bubonic plague the human population increased slightly and then leveled off. Human populations experienced exponential growth just after the ______ _____
J shaped graph
4. What does exponential growth look like on a graph?
Cellular chemical signals and receptors
4. How might cells communicate with one another?
sustainable development
4. What provides for human needs while preserving the ecosystems that produce natural resources?
Density-dependent limiting factors operate strongly only when population density—the number of organisms per unit area—reaches a certain level Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size and density.
3. Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
recognize a problem research the cause change behavior
2. List and give an example of the principles of ecological problem solving.
euakryotes
3. What cells are larger cells, have membrane bound nuclei, have organelles, and are usually either highly specialized, single-celled organisms or are part of a multicellular organism?
contributions to medicine, agriculture, goods and services
1. If there is a "natural library" of genetic biodiversity, and humans use libraries to research things, what can humans do with genetic information about species?
growth
1. When dealing with ecological populations, a limiting factors controls population _________
nitrogen and sulfur
1. What is in the air that combines with water to form acid rain? __________&___________
water
1. What is the electron donator in the light reaction?
ATP synthase
2. What molecule rotates as hydrogen moves along its concentration gradient outward into the stroma and the energy produced is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?
homeostasis
1. Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions maintained as organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce is referred to as_____?
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
3. List the levels of organization within multicellular living things.
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
2. What organelle makes proteins? What organelle then modifies, sorts, and packages them?
The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors
4. Define the word niche.
mitochondria
1. What is the organelle that releases the energy in organic molecules to molecules with a convenient energy(ATP) for cells to use?
micro-filaments: movement micro-tubules: shape and cell division
4. What are the two components of the cytoskeleton and what is their function?
calorie
1. What is the unit of measures that takes in to consideration the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius?
Diffusion is high to low concentration, osmosis is diffusion with water, facilitated diffusion happen with larger molecules pass through protein channels
2. What makes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion different from one another?
soil, water, air
4. What abiotic factors are discussed in this chapter?
heterotrophs
3. What are organisms that obtain food by consuming other organisms?
Natural processes cannot replenish them within a reasonable amount of time. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable resources formed from buried organic materials over millions of years. When existing deposits are depleted, they are essentially gone forever.
3. Explain a nonrenewable resource and give an example.
1. Draw and label the chloroplast organelle.
Calvin cycle
4. Which reaction takes in NADPH2 , ATP, CO2, and gives off sugars?
Area with high biodiversity & significant number of species in danger of extinction
2. What is an ecological hotspot?
autotrophs
4. What are organisms that obtain food by making their own?
Section 3
(50 cards)
mitochodrion
3. Where does cellular respiration take place?
Growth factors
2. What is the name of the regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells?
DNA to RNA to proteins
1. The central dogma of biology: _________to________to_______
genetics
the scientific study of heredity
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)
4. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in the order in which they occur?
incomplete dominance
1. Cases where one allele is not completely dominant over another but there is blending is called __________ ____________.
4. Draw and label the DNA molecule.
NAD+
3. What are the electron carriers of cell respiration?
multiple genes
4. Traits that are controlled by 2 or more genes exhibit what kind of inheritance pattern?
Uncontrolled cell division
4. What is the cause of cancer?
mitochondria
1. Where does the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) take place?
bacteriophage
3. What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria____________?
2. Draw the phases of the cell cycle. (not mitosis only but the entire cell cycle)
Phosphate group, guanine and cytosine
1. What is found both in RNA and DNA?
mRNA: takes the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell
2. What does mRNA do?, tRNA do?, rRNA do?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, (PMAT x 2)
2. List the 8 stages of meiosis in order.
2. If chicken DNA has cytosine at 21.5% the guanine should be_____%.
21.5
stem cells
an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.
Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation
3. Why does even a well-conditioned athlete have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?
Both inside and outside of cell
1. Where are regulatory proteins located?
apoptosis
3. What is the process of programmed cell death called?
new, old
3. When DNA is replicated, each new strand is composed of one ______ and one ______ strand.
codominance
2. What is the situation where phenotypes produced by both alleles for a gene are expressed?
multiple alleles
3. The A,B,O blood type in humans, where there are 3 possibilities for the available 2 alleles of a gene, is what type of inheritance pattern?
3. How many gametes are produced in meiosis?
4
1928, British scientist, tried to figure out how bacteria made people sick. Wanted to learn how certain types of bacteria produce serious lung disease known as pneumonia. He isolated two slightly different strains, or types, of pneumonia bacteria from mice. Only one caused pneumonia. The disease causing strain grew into smooth colonies on culture plates where the harmless strain produced colonies with rough edges. The differences in appearance made the two strains easy to distinguish.
2. What did Griffith and Avery's experiments with transformation show?
(1)Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %, (2)Franklin's X-rays, (3)Watson & Cricks double helix
3. In what order did the discoveries occur? : Franklin's X-rays, Watson & Cricks double helix, Chargaff's ratio of nucleotide %
In the nucleus
2. Where does replication and transcription take place?
Alcoholic and lactic acid
1. What are the two main types of fermentation?
Asexual reproduction
2. What is the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent type of reproduction called?
More demands on DNA, obtaining food, expelling wastes.
1. What are the problems a cell faces as it grows larger?
transcription
3. The process in which segments of DNA are used to produce mRNA is called___________?
DNA polymerase
2. What is the name of the molecule that is responsible for joining individual nucleotides to produce new strands of DNA? ___________
Chargaff's rules
1. A scientist discovered that in all humans there are equal percentages of A and T as well as G and C in the molecule of DNA. This is referred to a _______________ rule.
cellular respiration, fermentation
3. What are pathways of respiration that require and does not require oxygen, respectively?
cell need a large surface area to volume ratio (it is good to be small)
4. What does the ratio of surface area to volume have to do with cell growth and division?
transformation
1. The term used to describe when the harmless form of bacteria has be changed into another disease-causing form is___________?
carry genetic material
4. Explain DNA's role in the cell.
The process by which cells or parts of an organism change during development to serve a specific function.
1. Define differentiation.
cytoplasm
2. Where does glycolysis take place?
Only during cell division
1. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
Sexual reproduction
3. What type of reproduction involves the fusion of two separate parent cells?
heterozygous
The genetics term heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive — they're different
chloroplasts
2 Where does photosynthesis take place?
4. Draw and label the mitochondrion
plants, animals
4. What organisms do photosynthesis? Cell respiration?
Crossing over
1. During synapsis, when duplicated, homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) are attached and exchange alleles, what is happening? _________ __________
phenotype
3. A specific characteristic such as seed color is called a__________?
Principle of Independent Assortment.
The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
1. Write the general equation for photosynthesis and cell respiration.
Section 4
(50 cards)
no immigration or emigration
2. Five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium are.....
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome
4. What was the Human Genome Project?
adaptation
1. Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an ____________.
evolution
1. The process of change over time is termed ________________.
Darwin noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe. Darwin noticed that different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area. Darwin noticed that some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.
2. Aboard the Beagle in 1831, Charles Darwin made many observations and noticed 3 distinctive patterns of biological diversity. What were they?
Geographic isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation
3. Give the three examples given in the text of reproductive isolation.
mutations selective breeding
1. Which of the following include the other 3? Hybridization, inbreeding, selective breeding, induced mutations
Biogeography
the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals.
These islands are close to one another, yet they have different ecological conditions.
3. Why are the Galapagos Islands important in the study of evolution?
Genetic equilibrium
1. The situation in which allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population remain constant is called?
both
4. Are mutations good or bad?
Restriction enzymes
1. What can be used to cut DNA so that it can be studied? 2. How does gel electrophoresis work?
To treat a genetic disease
2. Why might scientist place a genetically engineered virus, for normal human hemoglobin production, into a human's bone marrow?
Who is James Hutton and how did he influence Darwin?
3. Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and how did he influence Darwin?
Yeasts are eukaryotes
1. Why is inserting plasmids into yeast more complex than inserting it into bacteria?
In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor.
4. Explain the principle of common descent.
fitness
3. According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the possession of inherited adaptations that maximize __________.
a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences
4. What are transcription factors?
Homologous structures are those which may have same or different functions, but have same origin(evolutionary origin, i.e. shared ancestry) and structure. In contrast analogous structures are structures having different origin and structure but usually have same functions.
3. Compare and contrast the terms; homologous structure, analogous structure
4. Draw a bell-shaped curve. Now draw in the stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection curves using a different color for each (name and line).
operon
3. A group of genes that are regulated together is called an ________.
One whole X in a female cell
4. What does the formation of a Barr body inactivate?
artificial selection.
4. When a farmer breeds only the best plant or animal on the farm, this is the process of _________ __________.
amino acids
4. Long chains of ______ ______ make up protein molecules.
Recombinant DNA
4. What is the joining of 2 or more sources of DNA into new DNA called?
body plan
1. Hox genes determine an animals _____ ____.
bell-shaped
1. The frequency for phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait is most often illustrated as a ______ ________ curve.
reproductive isolation.
the conditions, as physiological or behavioral differences or geographical barriers, that prevent potentially interbreeding populations from cross-fertilization.
100 pairs long
3. Which piece of DNA would move fastest in gel electrophoresis, a piece that is 100 or 5000 base pairs long?
To produce human proteins in large amounts
2. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
reproduce
2. Fitness is how well an organism can survive and ________ in its environment.
vestigial organs
4. What are structures that are inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendant?
DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information-called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-in a person's cells.
3. What is DNA fingerprinting?
more, same
1. GM crops produce _______ food per plant than unmodified crops in the ________ amount of acreage.(less/more, different/same)
In the cytoplasm
3. Where does translation take place?
yes, bananas, triploid trout
4. Is polyploidy good in plant? Animals? Give examples of both.
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate
3. What is a nondisjunction?
1. Either by means of a storm blowing them off course or a confusion in direction, species M arrived on one of the Galapagos Islands, where they survived and reproduced. Allele frequencies could've differed from the frequencies in the original South American population. 2. A combination of the founder effect, geographic isolation, and natural species enabled the island population to evolve into a new species -- species A. A few of these birds crossed over to another island. 3. Populations acculturated to the local environments of their respected islands. 4. The birds began to develop different tongues, causing them to choose mates carefully. 5. As these two new species live together on the first island, they compete for seeds; during dry season, birds that are most different from each other have the highest fitness.
4. List the steps of Galapagos Finches speciation.
50%
3. What percent of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome?
binomial nomenclature
1.One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as ____ ____
the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene
3. What is an allele frequency?
no
1. Was the knowledge about the structure of DNA a factor in Darwin's Theory of Evolution?
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
3. What is genetic drift?
Charles Lyell was one of the most influential Geologists in history. His theory of Uniformitarianism was a great influence on Charles Darwin. Lyell theorized that geologic processes that were around at the beginning of time were the same ones that were happening in the current time as well and they worked the same way.
1. Who is James Hutton and how did he influence Darwin?
James Hutton was another very famous Geologist that influenced Charles Darwin. In fact, many of Charles Lyell's ideas were actually first put forth by James Hutton. Hutton was the first to publish the idea that the same processes that formed the Earth at the very beginning were the same that were happening in the present day. These "ancient" processes changed the Earth, but the mechanism never changed.
2. Who is Charles Lyell and how did he influence Darwin?
gene pool
2. The ______ _______ consists of all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene present in a population.
Patents held by big companies could increase prices
1. What is a good argument against GM crops?
mutations
1. What are heritable changes in genetic information called?
(sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, etc)
1. Describe a disorder caused by an individual gene.
speciation
1. The Galapagos Finch species are an excellent example of speciation or stabilizing selection. (choose one)
Section 5
(9 cards)