Section 1
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dependency ratio
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Cards (175)
Section 1
(50 cards)
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
refugee
someone forced to leave their home country, and crosses international boundary lines
absolute distance
exact measurement of space between two places
scale
representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of generalization or reduction
contagious diffusion
type of expansion diffusion: RAPID, UNIFORM spread, leads to distance decay
diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from place to place
environmental possibilism
the idea that physical environment may limit some human activity, but generally humans are able to alter their environment to suit their needs
cartogram
thematic map: uses relative size of political units to convey a value
perceptual or vernacular region
fuzzy boundary lines- everyone's perception of the region is different
Thomas Malthus
argued that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning food production (determinism)
proportional symbol map
thematic map: size of a symbol varies in proportion to the intensity of the mapped variable
hearth
the region from which ideas originate 5 Major: Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Nile River Valley, Huang He/Yellow River, Mesoamerica
s curve
population projection that predicts zero population growth at some point
geographic information systems
allows geographers to map, analyze, store, and model spatial data
arithmetic density
total population/total land area
choropleth map
thematic map: a variable is depicted with shading patterns or colors
gravity model
created by Hotelling, predicts that optimal location of a service is directly related to number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it
population distributions
the arrangement of people according to density, concentration, and/or pattern
site
the physical character of a place; what is there, why it is significant
Esther Boserup
viewed population growth as a positive force driving agricultural innovations that could support more people (possibilism)
relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
distance decay
when contact between two groups diminishes because of distance between them
neo-malthusian
person who argues that population growth in LDCs and outstripping of resources other than food will create long term problems for the earth
projection
transferring data from the globe to a flat surface: distortions will occur
cultural landscape
the essence of how humans interact with nature; often leaving a visible imprint on the earth's surface
carrying capacity
the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water, and other infrastructure present
dot map
thematic map: dot on a map represents some frequency of the mapped variable
hierarchal diffusion
type of expansion diffusion: looks random but is not, usually related to modern technology, space time compression (if an area is connected, space/time/distance is no longer an issue)
j curve
when population projection shows exponential growth
rate of natural increase
the percentage by which a population grows each year
demographic transition model
shows 5 stages of population growth
situation
the location of a place relative to other places
push factor
something that causes people to leave their old residence and move to new places (environmental disaster, bad economy, famine, etc)
formal region
everyone shares in common one or more distinct characteristics; clear, defined boundary lines
ecumene
parts of earth's surface occupied by human settlement
relative distance
approximate measurement of the physical space between two places
isoline map
thematic map: uses lines of equal value to represent data like elevation, barometer pressure, temperature, or migration
agricultural density
# of farmers/unit of arable land- highest in LDCs
sequent occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place (shown clearly in Rome)
distribution
the arrangement of something across Earth's surface
epidemiological transition model
shows distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model
pull factor
causes people to move into a new place (job opportunities, good weather, family)
displaced person
someone forced to leave home, but stays within international boundary lines
environmental determinism
the idea that physical environment causes human activity-humans must adapt to their environment/cannot change it
thematic maps
maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute
functional or nodal region
boundary line that a specific service will cover
reference maps
literal maps, tell what a place looks like
physiological density
total population/unit of arable land
population pyramid
population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph- closer to rectangle shape is best
time space compression
the idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking due to technology
Section 2
(50 cards)
geopolitics
the study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur
universalizing religion
a religion that seeks converts
Christianity
universalizing religion: monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus, originated in SW Asia (split into three branches: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant)
Sino Tibetan language family
language area that spreads through most of SE Asia and China
NAFTA
allows the opening of trade borders between Mexico, Canada, and the US
city-state
a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
domino theory
the idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries
periodic migration
people migrate for a certain period of time, and plan to return to their home at some point. ex: migration to college or old people going to florida for the winter
acculturation
process of only adopting certain customs of a culture to suit one's lifestyle
Islam
universalizing religion: originated on Arabian peninsula, monotheistic, founded by Muhammed, five pillars, pilgrimage to Mecca, split into Sunni (majority) and Shia
federalism
opposite of unitary: system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government
assimilation
less dominant culture loses their culture to a more dominant culture
enclave
a country or part of a country that is mostly or completely surrounded by the territory of another country (Lesotho)
frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
cyclical migration
people migrate daily to work or school
Hinduism
ethnic religion: originated in Indus River Valley, followers believe in ritual bathing, reincarnation, and Karma, caste system
nation-state
country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity- territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
ethnic religion
a religion that does not seek converts
animism
belief that objects like plants and animals or natural events have a discrete spirit and life
forward capital
a symbolically relocated capital usually because of either economic or strategic reasons (ex: Brasilia)
agribusiness
the set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes- companies control everything from "seed to store"
Confucianism
ethnic: complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has influenced Chinese civilization
Hajj
the pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers: one of five pillars of faith
devolution
decentralization of a government from a unitary to a federal system or fracturing of a government: worked in UK with Scotland, not in Yugoslavia
step migration
people must go to multiple places before arriving at their final location
Balkanization
the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (Yugoslavia)
exclave
a country which is geographically separated from the main part by a surrounding alien territory
east/west divide
iron curtain: geographic separation between the largely democratic and free market countries of the west and communist and socialist countries of the east
gerrymandering
redrawing legislative boundary lines to benefit the political party in power
Judaism
ethnic religion: originated in SW Asia, first major monotheistic religion, covenant between God and Abraham, Zionism
centrifugal force
a factor that causes a country to be forced apart (religious differences, environmental disaster, bad leader)
Mormonism
term to describe religious, idealogical, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement
reincarnation
the belief that after this life you will come back in another life as either a plant, animal, or human life (one of the beliefs of Hinduism)
Rimland Theory
Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest
lingua franca
universal language, used for quick and efficient communication: previously Latin, now English
microstate
a state or territory that is small in both population and area
exclusive economic zone
a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources
World Systems Theory
theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections
decolonization
the movement of European colonies gaining independence
IndoEuropean language family
includes Germanic and Romance languages, spoken by about 50% of the world
imperialism
a country has control over a territory already occupied by an indigenous society
Heartland Theory
Mackinder's theory that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to dominate the world
secularism
belief that religion and government should be separate
Apartheid
segregation of blacks in S. Africa from 1948 to 1994
fundamentalism
literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
sovereignty
supreme or independent political power
desertification
the process by which formally fertile lands become increasingly arid (happening in between the sahara and sub-saharan Africa bc of goat grazing)
chain migration
people move to places where they have family or people who share their beliefs
Buddhism
universalizing religion: system of beliefs that seeks to explain ultimate realities of all people- originated in N. India and Nepal
centripetal force
a factor that pulls a country together (common enemy, good economy, charismatic leader)
Section 3
(50 cards)
market gardening
the small scale production of fruits, vegetable, and flowers sold directly to local consumers
extensive agriculture
an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area
CBD
the downtown nucleus of a city where retail, offices, and cultural activities are centered
squatter settlements
residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land outside of cities that is not owned or legally rented by its occupants (favelas in Brazil, barrios in Mexico)
pastoralism
agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter
ecotourism
tourism based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders
mediterranean agriculture
an agricultural system in which the climate provides moist and moderate winters; ideal for grapes, olives, and nuts
annexation
legally adding land area to a city
dependency theory
introduced by Wallerstein-explains low development levels as a result of LDCs continuing economic dependency on MDCs
redlining
a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries (this is technically illegal)
fordism
system of standardized mass production
bulk gaining industries
industries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously-creates need to be near their markets
shifting cultivation
slash-and-burn: use of tropical forests for crop production until their fertility is lost
swidden
land that is prepared for agriculture using the slash and burn agriculture
bid rent theory
the price/demand for land increases closer to the CBD
gross national product
the total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country
feedlots
places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains to prepare them for slaughter
gentrification
the process in which lower cost neighborhoods are renovated by the middle class to increase property values
rank size rule
the population of any given town should be inversely proportional to its rank in the country's hierarchy (the nth biggest county should have 1/n of the population of the biggest city)
Rostow's ladder of development
a model of economic development that describes a country's progression from an LDC to an MDC "ladder rungs": 1. traditional subsistence, 2. preconditions for takeoff (investment), 3. "takeoff" (sustained industrial growth), 4. drive to maturity (increased technology, rise of services), 5. age of mass consumption (consumer goods)
spaces of consumption
areas of a city where the main purpose is to encourage people to purchase goods and services (Navy Pier, Times Square)
purchasing power parity
aka per capita GDP: a monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
livestock ranching
extensive commercial agriculture that includes the grazing of livestock
outsourcing
sending industrial processes out for external production
sector model
developed by Hoyt- urban land use that placed the CBD in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating outwards along transportation corridors
zone of transition
an area located between the factory and working class areas of a city with both commercial and residential land use
organic farming
producing food naturally with no GMOs
human development index
measure used by the UN to calculate the development of a country based on human welfare (life expectancy, education, etc)
least cost theory
Weber's theory to describe the optimal location of manufacturing in relation to transportation and labor costs
primate city
a country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionally larger than other urban areas within the same country
intensive cultivation
agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield- wet rice production
transhumance
the movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns
staple grains
most produced grains; maize, wheat, and rice
deindustrialization
loss of industrial activity in a region (rust belt)
maquiladoras
factories located just along the US/Mexican border that cheaply assemble goods for export to the US
edge city
cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and service many of the same functions as urban areas-often located near freeway intersections, often include shopping, hotels, restaurants, etc.
export-processing zones
areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions that attract export oriented industries
Von Thunen Model
spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of transportation costs- developed in 1800s so is now outdated
plantation
a large, frequently foreign-owned piece of land devoted to the production of a single export crop- coffee, tea, sugar, cocoa
GMOs
foods that are mostly products of organisms that had their genes altered in a laboratory
agglomeration
grouping together of many firms of the same industry in a single area-in Weber model, based on sharing of location/resources, in Hotelling model, based on customer convenience
Burgess model
describes urban environments as a series of rings with distinct land use
Green Revolution
1970s-1980s: the development of higher yield and faster growing crops through increased technology and fertilizers- developed strategies in an attempt to make LDCs as productive as MDCs-created large economic gap between rich and poor
break of bulk point
a location where multiple forms of transportation overlap-shipments of goods can be taken from one form of transportation to another; Chicago is a good example
urbanization
an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
cottage industries
an industry in which the production of goods and services based in homes
blockbusting
realtors convince white families to sell their homes for a low price out of fear that blacks will move in and decrease property value
globalization
the idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
industrial revolution
the rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system- started in England, spread throughout W. Europe and N. America
gender equality
a measure of the opportunities given to women compared to men within a given country- microcredit loans targeting women
Section 4
(25 cards)