Section 1
Preview this deck
The Persians
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (378)
Section 1
(50 cards)
The Persians
-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)
The Chaldeans
-Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.) -Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine -Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Greece: geography
-Rugged landscape of mountains and valleys, scattered islands led to the development of independent city-states (polis) rather than one unified empire -Scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern Greece -The southern mainland, with adequate agricultural resources, relied on farming
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success
-Economic prosperity was based on domination of the commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade -The Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions, and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome -Codification of Roman law by Justinian (A.D. 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy -Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders
Roman contributions to the western world
-Law (greatest contribution): rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes -Engineering and architecture: concrete, arch, roads (200,000 miles of roads), aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings (the Colosseum) -Culture: history, literature (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses), rhetoric (the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect) -Continued the Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities
The Assyrians
-Warrior nation; created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Empire origniated in the highland region of the upper Tigris rRiver but grew to encompass the entire area of the Fertile Crescent -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons -Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways
Arabs
-The Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs -Arabs conquered much of the Byzantine and Persian empires (including North Africa) and Spain -The Battle of Tours (A.D. 732) resulted in the Franks halting Muslim expansion in Europe -Muslim Spain lasted from A.D. 711-1031 The Umayyad dynasty increased Arab lands (A.D. 661-750)
The Fall of Rome
-Immediate cause: continuous barbaric invasion -Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries -The rise of Christianity divided the empire
Rome's political problems
-No formal system in place to choose Roman emperors; some chosen directly by the emperor, others were heirs to the throne, others were able to buy the throne -Informal and corrupt process of succession resulted in weak and ineffective rulers and many political assassinations -By the end of the fifth century, the emperors were so weak that they were the puppets of the military, often bribing the army to stay in power
Constantine
-Attempted to stem the tide -The empire split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires -Barbarian invasions by Germanic and Asiatic tribes (the Goths, Vandals, and Huns) devastated Rome, and it fell in A.D. 476 -The Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople (formerly Byzantium) remained intact; survived until 1453 (foundation of the Byzantine Empire)
Contributions of the Greek World
-4000-323 B.C. -Organized warfare: Mycenae (military stronghold), Sparta, phalanx (military formation -Literature: epic poetry (Iliad, Odyssey), plays (drama, tragedy, comedy) -History: Herodotus (historian who reported the Persian Wars), Thucydides (historian who reported the Peloponnesian War) -Architecture: columns and colonnades (sequence of columns), Parthenon -Arts: theater, sculpture, decorative pottery -Government: democracy (Athens), oligarchy (small group of people in power—Sparta), bureaucracy (Alexander the Great), a system of law to improve society -Other: founded most of the major philosophical schools, established the systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
Islam
-Based on the teachings of Mohammed -The spread of Islam started in the seventh century A.D. -The Koran became the center for Islamic moral and ethical conduct -Mohammed established a theocracy based on Islamic law
Smaller civilizations of the Near East
-The Phoenicians -The Lydians -The Israelites
The Roman Republic
-509-27 B.C., started after Etruscan control was overthrown -Society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves -Government was based on consuls, the Senate, and the Centurial Assembly -Roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world
The Phoenicians
-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)
The Lydians
-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money
Christianity: basic doctrines
-Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden) -Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacraments as the instruments of God's grace, and the importance of a moral life for salvation -Paul of Tarsus (Paul the Apostle), an early Jewish convert to Christianity, was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman empire (opposition/resistance; Christianity firmly rooted in the collapsing world of Roman rule)
Mesopotamia: developments
-Writing (cuneiform) -Organized government -Written law code (Hammurabi's Code) -Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism) -Astronomy; astrology
Egypt
-Established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 B.C.) -Natural barriers (desert and sea), as well as its isolation from other civilizations, greatly hindered foreign invaders; spared them from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of Mesopotamia -Its history can be broadly outlined in specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in over a 3,000-year period
Mesopotamian civilizations
-The Sumerians -The Babylonians -The Hittites -The Assyrians -The Chaldeans -The Persians
The Sumerians
-The creators of Mesopotamian civilization (3500-3000 B.C.) -Used Tigris and Euphrates rivers for trade and commerce, as well as areas surrounding the Persian Gulf -Material progress included large-scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of mathematics, and the invention of the wheel -The ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury -Sargon established the first empire (c. 2371 B.C.)
India: developments
-Urban culture -Planned cities (i.e. citywide sanitation systems) -Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin) -Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)
The Peloponnesian War
-431-404 B.C. -Devastated Sparta, Athens, and their Greek city-state allies -Sparta was victorious but unable to unite the Greek city-states -Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliances
The Roman Republic: decline
-Ravaged by economic and political decline and repeated civil wars -Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C. -Augustus became the first emperor of the Roman Empire (27 B.C.)
China: developments
-Writing -Commerce -Government
Mohammed
-A.D. 570-632 -Emerged from the deserts of Arabia; appeared as a messenger of God (Allah) and a prophet of Allah's monotheistic faith -According to Islamic traditions, Mohammed was last in a line of prophets that traced back to Abraham and included Jesus -Working to unite the disparate tribes of Arabia under the articles of a single faith, Mohammed managed to conquer and bring most of the Arabian Peninsula under his control by the time of his death in A.D. 632 -Under his successors, the conquest of surrounding regions in the name of Islam brought the lands of Mesopotamia, Persia, and all of North Africa and southwestern Asia into the Muslim fold, creating a vast Islamic empire
The Babylonians
-Conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300-1750 B.C.) -The code of Hammurabi was the first universal written codification of laws in recorded history (c. 1750 B.C.) -Ahievements included a centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry
The Israelites
-Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)
Minoan civilization
-An Aegean civilization -Civilization of Crete (c. 4000-1400 B.C.) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
The ancient Near East: geography
Comprised the Tigris and Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley.
Indus River
The earliest Indian civilization, the Harappa culture, developed around the Indus River Valley in 2500 B.C.
The Roman Empire
-Lasted five centuries -The Pax Romana (Roman peace) was two centuries without a major war (27 B.C.-A.D. 180) -By the end of the second century A.D., Rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire
Egyptian civilization: significant aspects
-Life was dominated by concerns for the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh -Medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions -The Egyptians invented a hieroglyphic writing system -Commerce flourished throughout Arabia, India, and part of Africa -Agriculture was the basis of the economy -Monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feats, as well as mathematical precision -Annual flooding in the Nile was the basis for the sustained economy; the Nile had an impact on all of Egyptian society
The Hellenistic Age
-Began with the death of Alexander the Great -323-30 B.C. -Fusion of Greek and Eastern cultures -A time of great economic growth and expansion; an increase in international trade and commerce -Rise of cities; Rhodes, Alexandria, and Antioch replaced Athens in commercial importance -An end to the Greek city-state system as a major political entity
The ancient Near East: cultural contributions
-The first system of independent states -The first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics) -The first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramid) -The first lasting monotheism -The beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy -The first codification of law
Mycenaean civilization
-Centers of Aegean civilization; depended on the Aegean Sea to develop and extend their culture -(c. 2000-1150 B.C.) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare -The Dorians conquered the Peloponnesus (peninsula of southern Greece) and ushered in a "dark age" characterized by violence and instability -Iona became the birthplace for the Hellenic civilization
Rome's economic problems
-Emperors repeatedly raised taxes to support the ever-increasing needs of the army -Created tremendous burdens on the population, with the common people being most affected -Continual economic crises resulted in a rise in poverty and unemployment -Trade and commerce, keystones in stabalizing the Roman economy, declined -The government reduced the value of the coins in circulation, which caused runaway inflation -With money worthless, business was hurt, crime increased, and political instability worsened
Athens
-Athens and Sparta were the most important city-states in ancient Greece; both developed a unique culture and distinct political structure -Established the world's first democracy (c. 507 B.C.), developed democratic institutions -The Age of Pericles (460-429 B.C.) represented the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy -Developed philosophy as represented by Sophocles and Socrates; the Socratic method of teaching developed during this period) -Became a world commercial center and cosmopolitan city -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics
Sparta
-Athens and Sparta were the most important city-states in ancient Greece; both developed a unique culture and distinct political structure -Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system; state owned most of the land -Warrior state, dependent on a superior military (result of constant threat of rebellion) -Essential for Spartans to be subservient to the interests of the state in order to maintain power -The purpose of government was to keep up the military strength of the state -The rigid structure of Spartan society allowed the Spartans to rule even though Spartan citizens were outnumbered by noncitizens by about 10 to 1 -Large families discouraged -At birth, all Spartan males belonged to the state; by age seven, boys enrolled in military-style camps -Spartan way of life extended to mothers examining newborn children to determine of they were healthy; those that were not were left to die -After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics
Achievements of the Byzantine Empire
-Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved -Center for world trade and exchange of culture -It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe -Codification of Roman law ("Justinian Code") -It preserved the Eastern Church ("Greek Orthodox"), which converted Slavic people to Christianity -Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy -New focus for art; glorification of Christianity
Alexander the Great
-356-323 B.C. -Of Macedonia -Established the Hellenistic Age -Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt; established a world empire -Bureaucracy replaced the city-state as the form of government -Following his death, dynasties were established in Macedonia, Egypt and Persia
Egypt: developments
-Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh) -Writing (hieroglyphics) -Engineering and building (pyramids) -Mathematics
River Valley Civilizations
-Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates rivers; southwest Asia/modern-day Iraq) - floods were unpredictable and destructive; flat plains invited invasion -Egypt (banks of Nile River, Mediterranean and Red Seas; Northeastern Africa) -India (Indus and Ganges rivers, Arabian Sea; southern Asia) -China (Yellow River)
Constantinople
-Established at Byzantium by Emperor Constantine as a "New Rome" in the East in A.D. 330 -Strategically located (where Europe and Asia meet), had excellent defensible borders, and was a crossroads of world trade -With the fall of Rome/collapse of the western empire (A.D. 476), the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire; became the heart of the Roman imperial system -Lasted 1,000 years, until A.D. 1453
Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Roman period)
-Individual conviction in one's beliefs (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period -The efficiency and organization of the early church administration -Doctrines that stressed equality and immortality -Teachings and doctrines developed by "Church Fathers" such as Augustine were granted a foothold in both the western and eastern worlds -The conversion of Constantine to Christianity (A.D. 313) -The establishment of Christianity as the official Roman religion (A.D. 380) -The establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating
Jesus of Nazareth
-Born around 6 B.C. in the Roman province of Judea -Became an influential rabbi -His death by crucifixion and resurrection as the Christ (Greek for messiah) were writings in the Gospels
The Hittites
-Conquered much of Asia Minor and Northern Mesopotamia (2000-1200 B.C.) -A major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare
Ganges River
-In eastern India -Sacred to Indians but was not the geographical river area that led to the development of Indian civilization -Associated with the rise of the Mauryan Empire in 322 B.C.
The Punic Wars with Carthage
-146 B.C. -After which Rome emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean -Rome incorporated Greek culture into its empire -Roman expansion resulted in a world republic
Reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire
-Its geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all of whom were becoming more powerful -The loss of commercial dominance of the Italians -Religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church -The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade
Section 2
(50 cards)
The Viking (Norse) invaders
-Pillaged the coasts of Europe in the 8th century -The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England -Alfred the Great (A.D. 871-99) established the English kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions -In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings
The Age of Reason/Enlightenment
-The disintegration of traditional feudal loyalties, the rise of powerful monarchies, and the collapse of a single religious doctrine caused European intellectuals to think about new ways of unifying and governing nation-states -Their exploration of new ideas in the "Age of Reason" was encouraged by the exciting processes and discoveries of the scientific revolution
Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages
-A period of transition between ancient and modern Europe -Unique with a distinctive culture; out of feudal customs and traditions that included Greek and Roman classical culture, influences from the Arab world and the East, and tenets of Judeo-Christian belief, evolved a modern Europe and the foundations of Western civilization emerged
Islamic civilization: government and religion
-Arabs preserved the cultures of the peoples they conquered -Religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas -The caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields -Military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchane between the Arab and western worlds
France during the later Middle Ages
-The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France ---By the early 13th century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power ---Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch ---The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France
Muslim contributions
-Institutions: hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities -Agriculture: cash crops, crop rotation -Mathematics: algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point -Globalization: exploration, work of scholars, trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, China Sea) -Science: methodology, theory and experimentation, astrolabe (astronomical instrument used to locate and predict the positions of the sun, moon, planet and stars), alchemy -Arts: calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology -Medicine: forceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle -Technology: mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill -Poetry, philosophy, literature
Testing out to make sure
this isn't effected by the numbering issue.
The Franks
-Became the dominant Germanic tribe -Clovis, king of the Franks (A.D. 481-511), was converted to Christianity -Domestic feuds and civil war broke out among the Merovingians (A.D. 561) ---Political power shifted away from the monarchy ---Charles Martel (Frankish military/political leader) halted the Muslim advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (A.D. 732); Martel's victory helped preserve western civilization
Division of the Muslim Empire
-The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads—the capital moved from Damascus (Syria) to Baghdad -Iberian and North African Muslims broke with Baghdad's control
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: commercial revival
The commercial revival led to the rise of towns. -A true middle class emerged -Economic activities in the towns were supervised by the guild system (merchant and craft guilds) -The Crusades led to the revival of international trade
General characteristics of the Renaissance
-The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held
The Early Middle Ages
-c. A.D. 500-1000 -Dark Ages: A.D. 500-800 -The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline -A struggle back toward stability
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: feudalism/manorialism
The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and complete by the 16th century
John Locke
-An English philosopher -Believed that people made a contract with their government to protect natural writes -Wrote about the inalienable writes to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness -His political ideas had a dramatic impact on the development of democratic political thought in the late 18th century; influenced both the United States "Declaration of Independence" (1776) and the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789) -Stood in direct contrast to absolutism, the prevailing doctrine of the time
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: education
Education stressed the liberal arts. -Theology influenced both religion and politics -Universities were created in Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge during the 11th and 12th centuries -Latin was the language of intellectual Europe; vernacular was used by the 12th century.
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages
-Class division of society -The decline of feudalism and manorialism -The commercial revival -Education -Philosophy -Architecture
Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages
-The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Muslim Spain in 1492, Portugal in 1250 ---The Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule ---The monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews
Role of the Church in the Early Middle Ages
-As the Western Roman Empire was under relentless attack from barbarian tribes, people looked to the Church for salvation -The Church became the preserver of civilization and its unifying force in both political and religious life -Church entered into feudal contracts and became an extensive landholder; at one point, the Church owned approx. 1/3 of the land -Europe was referred to as "Christendom" -Both the Christian Church and local nobles exercised their authority to form a new kind of society, creating the foundation for a politically reorganized Europe of competing nation-states
The Renaissance
-c. 1350-1600 -The revival of intellectualism, literature, philosophy, and artistic achievement -Spread westward and into northern Europe -Continued the road started in the Middle Ages that would lead to modern Europe
Russia and the Ottoman Empire
-Landlocked, did not have a geographical outlet to the Mediterranean -The Ottoman Empire was centered in Turkey, whose borders include the Black Sea (north) and the Mediterranean Sea (south) -Historically, a characteristic of Russian foreign policy from the 17th century onward was to obtain permanent access to the Mediterranean -A port on the Black Sea would allow Russia to better control its own destiny -Britain and other European countries prevented the territorial expansion of Russia in the direction of Turkey (European objective was the to maintain the current balance of power) -The most notable attempt by Russia to upset the balance resulted in Russian defeat during the Crimean War (1853-56)
Feudalism: political
-Hierarchical and interdependent ---Church ---Lords/nobles ---Vassals/lesser lords ---Knights ---Peasants (free and serfs) -Grants of land given by lords in exchange for oaths of loyalty -Private armies of vassals and their knights protected lords and their lands -Peasants owed labor and obedience -All owed loyalty and obedience to the Church
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: architecture
Architecture was dominated by the Romanesque (11th-12th century) and Gothic (13th-15th century) styles
The spread of the Renaissance throughout Europe
-The Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of Christianity and placed less reliance on humanism -The French Renaissance reflected a democratic realism -The English Renaissance did not flower until the Elizabethan Age
The feudal system
-The government system and basis for society in the Middle Ages -The system was based on land ownership; person who was allowed by a lord to use his land was called a vassal and the land was called a fief -There were no formal countries, but the fiefdom held economic and political power -Under feudalism, political authority was dominated by the land-owning nobility -In return for protection against invaders, vassals were expected to be loyal to the landowner -Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism
The English Reformation
The First Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation. -The king of England, Henry VIII, became the head of the church -The pope's refusal to annul the marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon initiated the break (political rather than religious break with the Church) -Created the Anglican Church of England -Elizabeth I (1558-1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and secured the Anglican Church
Development of the Renaissance
-Began in Italy during the 14th century -Conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries resulted in regional autonomy (independent/self-government) for the Italian city-states -The heritage of the Greek and Roman civilizations contributed to the development of the Italian Renaissance -The Crusades focused attention eastward (on Greece and the Near East) -By the 14th century, the move toward secularization was predominant
The Counter Reformation
-Also known as the Catholic Reformation -Attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism -The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) became the first official Catholic response to the Reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors -The Council of Trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: society
Society was based on a strict class division: clergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work force, and serfs were tied to the land
Dissolution of the Frankish Empire
-Hastened by the Frankish system of inheritance -The Treaty of Verdun (A.D. 843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons -Carolingian rule ended in the 10th century because of the decline in central authority and the invasions of the Scandinavian tribes
England during the later Middle Ages
-The Norman Conquest (invasion of England by William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy) had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England ---The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo-Saxon rule in England ---By the 12th century, English common law was firmly established ---The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king; it is the most important document in English constitutional law ---By the 14th century, the English Parliament was firmly established
Islamic civilization: trade and cultural expansion
-Trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities -Muslim trade helped spread Islamic culture to foreign lands -Many factors helped trade expand, including no taxation and strong banking practices -Ibn Battuta (Islamic scholar, A.D. 1305-1368) spread Islamic culture by traveling widely
Literature and Philosophy
-Reflected the new secular trends -Humanism stressed the importance of the individual -Machiavelli's "The Prince" stressed that "the ends justify the means" as a political philosophy -The influence of the "classical" arts was strong, and a new emphasis was placed on science
The Carolingians
-Replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers -Pepin the Short (A.D. 747-768) was appointed by the pope as king and established the Papal States on former Byzantine lands -Charlemagne (A.D. 768-814) dominated the political structure of the early Middle Ages ---He was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo in A.D. 800 and had a major impact on the history of Europe ---He revived the concept of the Holy Roman Empire and established authority over secular rulers -His empire included most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe rivers ---The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum
Feudalism: economic
-Manor estates ---Owned by lords ---Peasant serfs given land to work in exchange for percentage of crop ---Free peasants worked as skilled laborers ---Dues and fees charged for tenancy, use of roads, bridges, etc.
The (Protestant) Reformation
-Renaissance secularism created tension between princely kingdoms and the authority of the Church -There also emerged within the Church questions about its worldly rather than spiritual interest in acquiring power and wealth -This internal struggle led to a rift in the Church, the rise of Protestant faiths, and more than a century of religious warfare
English Parliament
-Firmly established by the 14th century -Gained power at the expense of the king -Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)
Philosophy influenced by the Age of Reason
-Christianity and church dogma were questioned -The proper function of government was defined by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas led to the philosophical bases for the American and French revolutions. -In economics, the doctrine of "laissez faire" (limited government intervention in business affairs) stood in opposition to regulated trade -Adam Smith wrote the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) and advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth (the laws of the market place and not government regulations dictate national economies); considered the father of modern economics
The Later Middle Ages
-c. 1000-1500
Renaissance—Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture
-Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage -Emphasis on "humanism" ---Progress through rational thought ---Universal nature of the human condition -Secularism ---Writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers and commentaries on their works ---Free politics and governance from Church control -Realism and formalism ---Art that emphasized the lives of everyday people realistic rather than idealized depictions ---Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms
Effects of the Reformation
-The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism -The authority of the state was strengthened -The middle class was strengthened -Calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base -Religious wars reflected the fervor of the times
Same with this one
testing as well
John Calvin
-Geneva, Switzerland -The Doctrine of Predestination (God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others) was central to Calvinistic belief -Rejection of all forms of worship and practice not traced to Biblical tradition -Calvinism became a revolutionary anti-Catholic movement -Basis of "Reformed Churches," which spread throughout Europe; Calvinism made Protestantism an international movement
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages: philosophy
Philosophy (Scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason
Feudalism: outcomes
-Political outcomes: stability, leading lords emerged as kings, foundation for nation-states -Economic outcomes: self-sufficiency, foundation for urbanization ---Productive surpluses and specialization of skills would lead to trade ---Trade would lead to growth of towns and cities -Christian value system institutionalized by the Church
Martin Luther
-1483-1546, Northern Germany -Rejection of hierarchical priesthood and papal authority -Questioned the right of the pope to grant indulgences (full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven) -Salvation through faith rather than sacraments -Luther's "Ninety-five Theses" served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation -Luther's excommunication initiated the Reformation; Lutheranism developed its own following -Lutheranism decentralized religious authority; allowed for a state church system controlled by individual local German princes
Turks
-Assumed leadership of the Muslim world -The Seljuks fought with the crusaders and regained lost land -Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim Empire -The Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries -Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire -By the middle of the 16th century, the Ottomans controlled not only Turkey but most of southeastern Europe, the Crimea, Iran, and a majority of the Middle East -By the 19th century, he Ottoman Empire was contemptuously referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe" and depended on English intervention, especially directed against Russia, for its political survival
The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages
-The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters -A continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late Middle Ages
Reasons for the Reformation
-Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones -Humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns -The printing press allowed mass communication (Luther's 95 Theses were translated, widely copied, distributed throughout Europe) -Luther's excommunication
Absolutism
-Refers to the absolute rule of monarchs with unlimited power -The theory of absolute monarchs and the divine right of kings (rule by God's will) -Evolved from the limited power of the ruling class during the Middle Ages to the Age of Absolutism in the 16th-18th century
The Magna Carta
-In 1215, King John was forced by the nobles to sing the Magna Carta -Limited the power of the king and increased the power of the nobles -Key provisions: King's authority limited by law, rights of the king's subjects declared (i.e. habeas corpus), respect for legal procedures -Modern influence: constitutionalism/importance of a written constitution, individual rights, due process of the law, concept of a representative government, taxation with representation, trial by jury -Would later be a significant influence on the American Constitution
Section 3
(50 cards)
Capitalism
-Profits linked to the manufacturing of products -Private ownership of land -Freedom of choice -A competitive free-market system -Limited government restraints
Hinduism
-Considered one of the world's major religions and has influenced religious, political, and social thought for over 4,000 years -Originated in the Indus River Valley of India and primarily spread to and throughout southeast Asia -Four key beliefs: --That each person is born into a caste or social group --Reincarnation: after death all people will be reborn in either human or animal form; nothing truly dies and the spirit in death passes from one living thing to another --The cow is considered sacred --A belief in polytheism (multiple deities): the three main gods are Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer
Neoclassicism
-Dominated the culture of the 18th century -There was an attempt to revive the classic style and form of ancient Greece and Rome -In literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture, the Rococo style was dominant -In music, Haydn and Mozart emphasized the Classical era's formal symmetrical structures, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies. Beethoven influenced both the Classical and Romantic periods.
Enlightened despotism
-Also called enlightened absolutism -Grew out of the earlier absolutism of Louis XIV (France) and Peter the Great (Russia) -Advocated limited responsibility to God and church -A form of absolutism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment
Famous empires that grew in the West African savanna
Ghana, Mali and Songhai
Origins of people in America
-20,000-30,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, the first humans crossed over the Bering Sea land bridge into the Americas -As they migrated southward, they inhabited the hemisphere from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego -Their widespread dispersion led to a diversity of languages and cultures, the most advanced of which were located in Mesoamerica and South America
The Incas
-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America (Peru) -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture (Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together) -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles)
Isaac Newton
-Mathematician, physicist, and astronomer -The most influential scientist of the Enlightenment -Described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries -Showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation; thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution
Mesoamerica
The region that is now Mexico, Central America, and the western coast of South America
Spinning mule
-1779 -A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn
Impact of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas
-Disease devastated native populations ---Smallpox, measles, typhus ---From Mexico, spread into the American southwest and southward toward the Andes ---From 1520-1620, 20 million dead ---Conquest aided by weakening of native forces -Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521 -Inca Empire conquered by Pizarro in 1513 -Mass transfer of wealth (gold and silver) from the Americas to Spain -End of political and economic independence—organized for labor within the Spanish economic system -Loss of native culture -Conversion to Christianity
Napoleon and the First Empire: international relations
International relations placed France against Europe. -Napoleon won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France -The "continental system" was a failed French attempt to close the continent to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy -The Battle of Waterloo (1815) ended in defeat for Napoleon and ended the French Empire; Napoleon was permanently exiled to St. Helena
Grooved rollers
-1783 -Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes
Power loom
-1785 -Led to faster production of cloth
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
-Manufacturing: flying shuttle -Birth of the factory system: spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, watt steam engine, power loom, cotton gin -Iron-making: coke smelting, grooved rollers -Transportation: steam locomotive, steamboat
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron ---The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities ---Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories
Background to the French Revolution
-An inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution -A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of the government -Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class -The bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution -The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (influenced by Locke's ideas) defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people
The Kingdom of Zimbabwe
-Developed in the interior of the continent -Grew from an iron-working settlement -Huge stone structures were constructed -Economy was based on the gold trade
Social Darwinism
-Expanded Darwin's theory of evolution to include society as a whole -Darwin, in "On the Origin of Species" (1859), theorized that evolution is a continuous process in which successful species adapt to their environment in order to survive -The social Darwinists viewed society as a "struggle for existence"; only the "fittest" members of society would survive -The accumulation of wealth was considered a visible sign of a successful adaptation, and virtue and wealth became synonymous -For social Darwinism to succeed, it was thought that a free and open economic system was needed -Capitalism was regarded as the "natural environment" in which "survival of the fittest" could be tested -The social Darwinists also believed that some races were superior to others, that poverty indicated unfitness, and that a class-structured society was desirable
Cotton gin
-1792 -Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber
North American Indians
-The Hopewell people were skilled farmers and flourished in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys (200 B.C.-A.D. 400) -Mississippian culture developed in A.D. 800 and built large religious mound structures -The Anasazi culture (A.D. 800-1300) developed in the Southwest; the Anansazi were skilled builders (Mesa Verde cliff houses) and sophisticated farmers -The Pueblo Indians inhabited the Southwest after the Anasazi and built extensive adobe cities
The East African Coast
-Saw the development of city-states -East African civilization was based on international trade and seaport cities -Swahili culture developed its own language and thrived in the city-states -The Portuguese destroyed much of the East African trade after 1500
Johannes Kepler
-Mathematician, astronomer -Believed God had created the world according to an intelligible plan and that man could understand this plan through application of reason -"Three laws of Planetary Motion"—mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory (the motion of planets around the sun)
Watt steam engine
-1785 -Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power
Water frame
-1764 -Introduced the first power-driven machine to manufacture cloth
The French Revolution
-Began as an attempt by the leaders of the industrial and commercial classes to end the injustices of the French monarchy -Rallying cry of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," led to a Reign of Terror against the aristocracy -The fall of the Bastille on July 14 marks France's 4th of July -Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power at a time of renewed social unrest in France
The Mayas
-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)
The Aztecs
-A.D. 1325-1521 -Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced
The topography of Africa
-Mainly composed of three regions: desert, savanna, and tropical rainforest -The Sahara desert dominates the continent (covers most of northern Africa) -Trade and commerce were connected to the geographical potential of the area -Large populations flourished in the savanna and were primarily agrarian
Ancient Africans' advances in their societies and cultures
-Lineage was the basis of tribal organization -Religion, politics, and law became the focus of African culture -Art and sculpture were emphasized
Napoleon and the First Empire
-Military and political leader during the later stages of the French Revolution -Emperor of the French from 1804-1815 -His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide -Best remembered for the wars he led against a series of coalitions, the Napoleonic Wars, during which he established hegemony over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals
The forest states
-Developed strong governments -Benin grew wealthy and powerful until European contact threatened society -Slave trade produced wealth for the cities and the expansion of the slave trade extended into Africa's interior -Trade, taxes, and a powerful government resulted in Asante becoming a strong state
Results of the Industrial Revolution
-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism
Africa's geological diversity
-Four rivers (Nile, Congo, Niger, and Zambezi) were important to Africa's economic history -Egyptian civilization developed in the Nile Valley -Africa above the Sahara (Northern Africa) is often associated with Arab influence -The irregular coast line (no natural harbors) of the African continent restricted European exploration
Steamboat
-1807 -Built by American inventor Robert Fulton -The steam engine was used to build it
Islam in Africa
Stimulated new states of West Africa and spread Islamic culture and religion
Steam locomotive
-1804 -Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks -The steam engine was used to develop it
Galileo Galilei
-Mathematician, physicist, astronomer -With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus -Observed the phases of Venus; discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter; observed and analyzed sunspots -Was questioned before the Inquisition, the primary purpose of which was to eradicate heresy and strengthen the Catholic Church -In 1633, fearing execution, he recanted the heliocentric view of the solar system
India under Muslim rule
-Muslims controlled India for centuries -Muslim invaders came into India in the 11th and 12th centuries and created kingdoms in the north -The Delhi Sultanate was the most powerful (1206-1526)
Early cultures in Mesoamerica
-The Olmec -The Mayas -The Aztecs -The Incas
Nicolaus Copernicus
-Astronomer -Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe (Ptolemy's theory; was the prevailing thought for more than 1,000 years) -Believed that the sun was the center of the solar system, and the earth moved around it -Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory -Theories were rejected by the Catholic Church
Napoleon and the First Empire: domestic reforms
-Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government. -The Napoleonic Code: ---No privileges/tax exemptions based on lineage ---Government promotion was based on ability ---Modernized French law (equality before the law)
Spinning jenny
-1764 -Increased the speed and output of yarn spinners
The Olmec
-1200-400 B.C. -South-central Mexico -Developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -Developed an agricultural community -Developed the first calendar in America -Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone) -Monumental sculpture (colossal heads)
The Scientific Revolution
-Transformed society and changed the way people looked at the natural world -In doing so, science came into direct conflict with the teachings of the Church -Began in the 16th century -Important people: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton
Flying shuttle
-1733 -Increased the speed of weavers
American Indian culture
-Developed over many centuries -The first American Indians originated from Asia -Agriculture changed some Indian culture from a nomadic existence to farming communities
Coke smelting
-1760 -Improved production of iron
Hindus
-Lived and worked under Muslim rule -Most Hindus were self-sufficient farmers -The caste system dominated Hindu life
The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution
-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire -Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system ---History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat) ---"The Communist Manifesto" (1848), written by Marx and Friedrich Engels, advanced the theories of modern scientific socialism
Section 4
(50 cards)
The caste system
-Originated in India (1500 B.C.) as part of the teachings of Hinduism -Divided people into four distinct and inflexible social groups: priests and teachers; rulers and warriors; merchants and artisans; and peasants and servants (the lowest caste) -People who did not belong to any group were the untouchables -Members of one caste could not marry or even eat with members of another caste -No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another -Outlawed in 1950
Roman Contributions
Roman laws, justice system, court system; language(Latin); Pax Roman a long period of peace that enabled free travel and trade Building Construction, engineering and road construction. architecture, literature, art, sculpture and the humanites.
Greek Individualism
a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliance.
Sparta
Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. Developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor.
Athens
Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.
Contributions of the Greeks
Democracy, Drama, Art, Architecture, Philosophy, Sculpting, Performing Arts, Philosphical Schools, Scientific Method.
Development of feudalism and a samurai warrior-class
-There were three periods of feudal government—Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa -The Shogun was the actual ruler; the emperors were figureheads -Nobles struggled for power during the Ashikaga Shogunate (1394-1573) -The arts flourished -Central government grew strong during the Tokugawa Era (1603-1868) -The old Samurai class and feudal way of life declined, resulting in major political and social changes
Egyptian History
Old Kingdom (massive pyramids) Middle kingdom New kingdom (gets agressive)
Aegan
a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC
The Fall of Rome
Continuous barbaric invasion. Internal factors included political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military. The rise of Christianity divided the Empire.
The Pelponnesian War
Athens vs Sparta, Sparta won but both were devastated unable to unite Greed city-states.
Hieroglyphics
an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
Mycenaean Civilization
A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete.
Roman Society
Was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebeians (main body of Roman citizens), and slaves.
Greece
a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula
The Hittites
2000-1200 B.C. conquered much of Asia Minor & northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.
Roman Military Strategy
Divide and conquer, attack one enemy at a time, always ally with the weak power against the strong, then conquer both afterwards. Give conquered people a stake/citizenship in the empire, respect local religions and traditions. Demand loyalty and taxes, rebellion in any form is ruthlessly suppressed
The Code of Hammurabi
a collection of laws covering crimes, farming, business activities, and marriage and family. Many of the punishments were cruel, but the code was an important step in the development of a justice system
Early Japanese civilization
-Borrowed from China -Archaeology has revealed Japan's ancient past -Japanese culture developed during the Heian Era (794-1156) -Poetic form such as the Haiku developed, and literature spread
The accomplishments of the early Japanese
-The Japanese developed their own language and sophisticated system of writing -They developed literature and poetry -They developed the Shinto religion -They placed great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners
The Persians
-Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C.) -Established an international government -Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil -Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 B.C.)
The Rise of Christianity
Began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God.
Minoan Civilization
An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 BCE based its prosperity
The Phoenicians
-Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. -Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon -Invented the first true alphabet -Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)
Confucius
-His teachings influenced Chinese culture -Wanted to improve society -Taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life
The Chaldeans
Established the new Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.)-Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine Developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Japan's geography
-Influenced its history -Japanese culture reflects a reverence for nature -Mountains, forests, and coastal areas determined cultural growth
The Egyptians
establishe a civiliztion in the Nile Valley.
Mongul rule in China
-Genghis Khan united nomadic peoples and conquered China -Kublai Khan became emperor of China -Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, opened the door to trade with China and described the Mongol Empire.
The Summarians
creators of the Mesopotamia civiliztion. Large scale irrigation projects, advanced system of mathematics and the invention of the wheel.
The Ming and Manchu Dynasties
-The Ming (native Chinese) ousted the Mongols -Ming (1368-1644) rulers limited contact with the West -The Manchus (1644-1911) overran China and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening China
Chinese civilization under the Sungs
-A.D. 960-1279 -The Chinese Empire lost much territory after the fall of the Tang rulers -Advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life
The Lydians
-Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) -Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King) -Were responsible for the first coinage of money
The Roman Empire
Roman expansion resulted in a world republic. Emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranian.
The Israelites
-Established the first lasting monotheism -Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.) -After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) -Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.) -The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)
The Babalonians
The Hitties, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians. Centralized Government and advancements in algebra and geometry.
The Nile
River that provided for the needs of Ancient Egyptians and made their great civilization possible. Agriculture was the bases of the Egyptian Society.
The Age of Pericles(460 BC-429 BC)
This was the peak of the strength of the cultural and military power of Athens. During this time period there are many philosophers, including Socrates and Plato. This is also the time of the drama and many new advances in science, including Pythagoras, Democritus and Hippocrates. This is also when the Parthenon was built.
Alexandar the Great
The conqueror who united the peoples of Greece, Egypt, Persia and Indus River Valley into an empire by conquering them.
Egyptian Religion
They were polytheistic worshiping over 2,000 gods and goddesses. They believed in the afterlife and that they would be judged for their life. They had sacred burials. Ruled by Pharoahs.
The Near East
Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent, and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting monotheism.
Ziggurat
a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians and was the center of community life.
Dorians
conquered the Mycenaeans, illiterate, cause the Dark Age of violence and instability
Oligarthy
a government in which power is in the hands of a few people--especially one in which rule is based upon wealth.
Augustus
First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew.
The Assyrians
created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways.
The importance of city life in the Sung Empire
-Foreign trade enabled populations to grow in cities and to become sophisticated -The family was the focus of Chinese life -Women had lower status than men
Ceasar
Elected consul of rome in 59 bc. Genius with military strategy. Governed as an absolute ruler. Was assassinated in the senate chamber.
Ionia
area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages. Birthplace for the Hellenic Civilizations.
The Roman Government
Constituted of a mixed government including consuls, a senate, tribune, assembly of the tribes, ...
Section 5
(50 cards)
Fuedal System
The economic and social system of medieval europe, lords recieved land from the King in exchane for loyalty and serfs worked the land for the lords in exchange for protection.
The House of Lords
...The House of Lords mainly consist of the peers and the people that have inherited their money. This House of Parliament has slowly lost its power to influence the system of government over the years.
Fuedal Contract
provided land in exchange for personal service to the King.
Manorialism
An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.
The Hundred Years War
This was a war between France and England between 1346 and 1453. It was fought over land in France that each wanted to control. The British began strongly, but with the help of Joan of Arc, the French rallied and eventually beat England. Two famous battles from the war are Crecy and Agincourt.
Islam
Te monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
Islamic Civilization
a warlike monotheistic civilization that spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and were constantly at war. They are known for their brilliant arabesques and gorgeous craftsmanship
The House of York
crused by the House of Lancaster
Commercial Revival
Renewal in trade/ growth in economy. No more manorialism. Expanded the social class and a true middle class emerged. Introduced banking and the Guild system.
St. Augustine
The first great Christian philosopher. He was a sinner and did not believe but eventually was converted and he wrote CIty of God as well as Confession, he is also responsible for the doctrine of Original Sin
The Viking Invasions
The Vikings built fast ships where they would ship men and cargo from their land to charlemagnes empire to pilage and plunder.
Charlemagne
King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning
Achievements of the Byzantine Empire
Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved. Center for world trade and exchange of culture. It spread civilization to all of eastern Europe. It preserved the Eastern Church which converted Slavic people to Christianity. Its economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy. New focus for art; glorification of Christianity.
Class Division
The separation of people into different social groups like lower class, upper class. Clergy & nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans wer the work force and serfs were tied to the land.
Paul the Apostle
The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire.
The Muslim Empire
the rise of Islam
The Franks
A group of Germanic tribes. They became allies of the Romans and became Christian. In the 8th century they established the Carolingian rule. Perhaps the most famous leader was Charlemagne.
The law of Primogeniture
Gave all property to the eldest son. Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization.
Constanople
a city established as the new eastern capital of the roman empire by the emperor constantine in a.d. 330 that is now called istanbul
The House of Lancaster
Following the Hundred Years' war, civil war broke out between these two rival branches of the English royal Family, Lancaster claimed the throne of England when the Hundred Year finally ended
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
Islamic Government and Religion
Religious pilgramages Improved farming methods, trade and commerce led to a high standard of living, Military expansion.
The House of Commons
The most of the power lies on the shoulders of the House of the Commons. The Commons is elected by the people. The commons grant money, and is the law-making body in the british government.The commons pick the Prime Minister.
Frederick Barbarossa
Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. Clashed with the pope over the appointment of the clergy. Known as "the red beard" (r. 1152-1190). He attempted to conquer Lombardy (n. Italy) and unite the German princes, but the popes did not approve of this and forced him to surrender Lombardy.
The War of the Roses
This war was between Aristocrats and Nobles. The Nobles wanted to control the throne so the first Tudor King, Henry VII took the throne in 1485. He abolished the Noble's private armies.
Decentralization of the Germanic States
Caused by a continuing power struggle with the Pope.
The Battle of Hastings
the battle that took place in 1066, in which William the Conqueror and Harold Godwinson fought for control of Normandy?
The Lord of the Manor
Ruled the manor. Had bailiffs to take care of day-to-day affairs.
Abbassides
Overthrew the Umayyad but one escaped
Constantine
Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)
Arab Conquests
wars which, in the century after the death of Muhammed in 632, created an empire stretching from Spain to the Indus Valley.
Hugh Capet
established Capeatian rule in France, put to throne because of his weakness; made throne hereditary; Capetians had an unbroken succession for 300 years; effective beauracracy
The Reconquista
the seven-and-a-half century long process by which Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula modern Portugal and Spain from the Muslim and Moorish states of Al-Ándalus
The Early Middle Ages
The collapse of Rome and sweeping advances of Germanic and Viking raiders, Europe entered a time of chaotic political, economic, and urban decline A struggle back toward stability.
The Dark Ages
the name given to Medieval Europe due to its lack of cultural, societal, intellectual, political and economic progress
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman empire after the fall of Rome.
Mohammad
The Founder of Islam. Muslims believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet and that he received the word of God from the angel Gabriel.
Arab Caliphs
political leaders after the death of Muhammad
Umayyad
Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam
The Magna Carta
Document written in 1215 which limited the power of the King and established the principle of limited government and the fundamental rights of English citizens. The document also introduced such fundamental rights as trial by jury and due process of law.
English Parliment
The legaslative body of england (lawmaking), two houses: house of lords and house of commons
Turks
a new group of nomads that drove the tang armies out of central Asia and took control of the silk roads. because of this chinas economy was damaged
The Holy Roman Empire
The collection of Papal states directly under the control of the Pope. Included lands in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, and England.
Byzantine Empire Decline
It's geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slave, and Turks all of whom were becoming more powerful. The loss of commercial dominace over the Italians. Reliogious contraversy with west and a split with the Roman Catholic Church. The sack of the fourth crusade. The fall of Constantinople
The Ottoman Empire
Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.
Reasons for the Spread of Christianity
Individual conviction of ones belief, The effeciency and organization of the the early church, Doctrines that stressed equality and immorality. The establishment of the Pope.
Seljiks
dominateTurkish group control caliphate
Norman Conquest
the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the Battle of Hastings (1066)
Byzantine Empire Success
Domination of teh commercial trade routes controlled by Constintanople and a monopoly on the silk trade. Excellant use of diplonmacy to avoid invasions. Geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome. Codification of Roman Law. A forstress city with excellent defensible borders.
English Common Law
The basis of a court system for justice. The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them.
Section 6
(50 cards)
The Huguenots
French Protestants who suffered persecution. Many left Europe for America to find religious freedom
The Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years War. 1. Recognized independent authority of German princes. 2. Allowed France to intervene in German affairs. 3. Pope couldn't participate in German religious affiars.
Peter the Great
Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages, culture, and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)
The Restoration Era
the restoration of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the wars of the 3 kingdoms. Stuart rule was restored.
The Romanov Dynasty
Following the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, Russia experienced a period of weakness and disorder known as the Time of Troubles. Hoping to restore order, an assembly of nobles elected Michael Romanov to be the next czar. The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
Cardinal Richelieu
King Louis XIII was a weak ruler and Richelieu filled the void, more or less running the empire via his advice to the king. A clever politician and strategist, Richelieu expanded royal power, punished dissent harshly, and built France into a great European power
French Revolution
the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
The Middle Ages
a period in European history, between about 1000 AD and 1500 AD, when the power of kings, people of high rank and the Christian Church was strong
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The French version of the American Declaration
The Renaissance
The great rebirth of acrt, literature, and learning in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries which marked the transition from the medieval to modern periods of European history., A new way of thinking. Which laed to future reforms for the catholic church and ultimately different religons
The Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus which became most well known for their work in education of Catholics in Europe. They were devoted to preaching, educating the young, fighting against heresy, serving the Pope, and caring for the needy.
Classical Art
the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized
The Protestant Reformation
16th century religious movement led by Martin Luther that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the formation of Protestantism
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)
Humanism
the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason
The Puritan Revolution
A lesser used title for the English Civil War.
The Counter Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church responding to the protestantism by starting their own movement-- they stopped selling indulgences and started "Society of Jesus" or Jesuit missionaries to spread Catholic ideas.
Neoplatonism
A system of philosophical and religious doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism
Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
The Act of Supremacy
This was the 2nd law passed by Parliament for King Henry VIII. It said that King Henry VIII was the only supreme head of the Church of England, and this church was formed from this act.
Absolutionism
political system in which a ruler holds total power. The ruler has total control and final say over their people.
Baroque Style
17th century Europe, elaborate and detailed artwork, drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music
The Peace of Augsburg
officially recognized Lutherism but allowed Catholic Priests to support Catholicism.
The Commonwealth Period
Oliver Cromwell ruled as a dictator and abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords.
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
Elizabeth I
This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
Effect of the Reformation
Western Europe no longer united by religion Weakens power and influence of the Catholic Church The power of states was strenthened as was the middle class. Encourages education-people encouraged to read the bible and interpret it individually MORE RELIGIONS
The Crusades
A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
The French Religious Wars
A religious wars in France that started because of the Concordat of Bologna. This war was not only a religious war but a class war. It was between the Huguenots, who were Upper-class intellectuals who were Calvinist vs. the average poor French Catholics. The real fighting started after the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre and did not end until 15 years later when the Edict of Nantes was set into place.
The Glorious Revolution
The English Parliament drove out an absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's William and Mary. 1688, change of who is in power without bloodshed. Established the supremacy of Parliment.
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance
Realism (Plato)
Reality consists of ideas that exist in the mind, independant of sensory powers of perception.
Laisssez Faire
The idea that the government should not play an active role in regulating the economy.
Romanesque
a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD
The Thirty Years War
A war that occurred between 1618 and 1648; it was mainly a civil war in Germany and the Holy Roman Empire over religious and political issues; it also involved the countries of Spain, France, Denmark, and Sweden
Ninety Theses
This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance.
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
The English Civil War
A war that broke out between the parliament supporters (roundheads) and the king's supporters (cavaliers). It ended with the execution of the king, Charles I
The Spanish Armada
One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power.
Causes of the French Revolution
Englightenment, unequal tax system, bad harvests, debt, absolute monarchy, economic issues, inequitable class structure, disorganized legal system, no representation.
Henry IV
first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris
Neoclassicism
revival of a classical style in art or literature or architecture or music but from a new perspective or with a new motivation
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
The Scientific Revolution
a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe
The Council of Trent
An assembly of high church officials summoned by the Catholic Church to clarify doctrine and address reform in response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation.
The Palace of Versailles
The "Theatre of politics." The nobility were required to live there by Louis XIV, beautiful architecture and gardens. Symbol of French state and power
Calvinism
Religious movement founded by John Calvin, based on the doctrine of predestination.
The Age of Enlightenment
A broad intellectual movement in 18th‐century Europe that advocated the use of reason in the re‐evaluation of accepted ideas. Also known as the Age of Reason.
Section 7
(50 cards)
Slave Trade
European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
India
a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia
Islamic Culture
flourishing trade, medical encyclopedia, library, Algebra, spices, silks, perfumes, porcelain, textile goods
Proletariats
the class of modern wage laborers who having no means of production of their own, are reducing to selling their labor power in order to live
Kush
African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. Important iron working center.
The Communist Manifesto
A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.
The Incas
-A.D. 1200-1533 -Northwest coastal region and inland region of South America Peru -Controlled a vast empire in South America -The Tiahuanaco culture developed in the Andes Mountains and the Incas unified an extensive empire -The Incas developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen -Engineering/architecture Machu Picchu, stone construction without mortar, extensive road system linking empire together -Art (gold and silver working, ceramics, textiles
Nomadic
characterized by moving about from place to place as nomads
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
The Mongols
Were United by Genghis Khan to capture all of asia, which they did except for India. Asia under Mongolian ruler till grandson of Gings (Kublai) died and there was an overturning.
Swahili
a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast
The Mayas
-A.D. 250-900 -Yucatan peninsula -Achieved a complex civilization -Maya cities were trade and religious centers -The Mayas excelled in many fields, including mathematics, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building) -Only known written language of pre-Columbian Americas -Sophisticated art -Monumental architecture (Tikal, Palenque)
Mughuls
These people united and ruled most of India. After Babur invaded India, Akbar became the main ruler of this kind. They were great builders Taj Mahal, but their empire declined quickly (by 1750).
The Congress of Vienna
The meeting of representatives from each of the nations in the Quadruple Alliance. Its purpose was to draft a peace settlement by redrawing Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France. It succeeded in constructing a settlement that wouldn't spark a war.
Napoleon Bonepart
Military Genius of France, who later became a dictator and eventually overthrown. He sold the west land (Louisiana) to the United States for a very cheap price doubling the land of America.
The Intellectual Response to the Industrial Revolution
-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire -Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production -The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system ---History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat)
African Savana
A flat, dry grassland with trees and bushes
The Aztecs
Central Mexico -Conquered much of central Mexico -The Toltecs preceded the Aztecs -The Aztecs built a great city (Tenochtitlan) and ruled an empire -Religion and war dominated Aztec life -Rich mythological and religious traditions -Architecturally accomplished (city planning, Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, temples and palaces) -Artistically advanced
African Culture
Made up of art and culture, music/dance,storytelling and very Religious
Industrial Revolution
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
The Congress of Verona
1822 ended the congress system & allowed European powers to be guided by self-interest.
The Anasazi Culture
800-1300 developed in the Southwest & the Anasazis were skilled builders & sophisticated farmers. Example Mesa Verde Cliff houses
Genghis Khan
A Mongolian general and emperor of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, known for his military leadership and great cruelty. He conquered vast portions of northern China and southwestern Asia.
Mississippian Culture
Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E.; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America.
Gothic Revival
1830s movement in architecture when buildings in the Gothic (high medieval) style became popular. It was in this period that the British Parliament building was built. This was the architectural manifestation of Romanticism. Where the Enlightenment had looked down on the Middle Ages as a "dark" period of ignorance, the Romantics celebrated the Medieval period for its spiritualism, depth, and sense of adventure.
The Hopewell People
were skilled farmers & flourished in the Ohio & Mississippi Valleys (200BC to 400AD).
Sung Dynasty
the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron ---The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities ---Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories
Benin
A kingdom of the West African rain forest
The Caste System
-Originated in India (1500 B.C.) as part of the teachings of Hinduism -Divided people into four distinct and inflexible social groups: priests and teachers; rulers and warriors; merchants and artisans; and peasants and servants (the lowest caste) -People who did not belong to any group were the untouchables -Members of one caste could not marry or even eat with members of another caste -No amount of success would allow a person to move from one caste to another -Outlawed in 1950
Agarian
concerning farms, farmers, or agriculture and the use of land.
Militant Socialism
Forceful seizure of governmental power
The Code of Napoleon
This was the French law put in place by Napoleon. It promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.
The Continental System
Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient, an economic blockade of Britain. The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France
Songhai
this group from the east of Mali built up an army and extended their territory to the large bend in the Niger River near Gao whic became the capital of their empire.
Hinduism
A body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth.
Kingdom of Zimbabwe
Large powerful kingdom in East/Central africa. Controlled and taxed trade between the interior and coastal regions, Organized the flow of gold, ivory, slaves, forged alliances w/ local rulers & profited immensely from these transactions.
African Rivers
Several have inland as well as coastal deltas Nile flows northward . Niger, Nile, Congo, Zambezi And were important to Africa's economic history.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast.
Brahman
The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.
Akbar
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)
Tang Dynasty
dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria
The Delhi Sultanate
The Islamic state founded by Turkish warriors in northern India during the 13th century.
African Desert
An extremely dry area with little water and few plants
Rift Valley
African Civilization developed here
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
Result Of the Industrial Revolution
Mass production of goods and the rise of the factory system. From Rural to Urban centers. The division of society into defined calsses propertied and unpropertied. The development of modern Capitalism.
Tribal Organization
Organization with midsize societies ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand people, with somewhat more power available to leaders.
The Olmec
-1200-400 B.C. South-central Mexico -Developed one of the first civilizations in Mesoamerica -Developed an agricultural community -Developed the first calendar in America -Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone) -Monumental sculpture (colossal heads)
The French Republic
Prompted by Louis Philippe giving up his throne, this was a new era of liberalism in France. Measures enacted included freeing slaves, granting all males the right to vote, abolishing capital punishment, the establishment of national workshops, and the enactment of a 10-hour workday in Paris.
Section 8
(50 cards)
Confucianism
The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
Voters
can be confronted with an either-or choice, thus simplifying decisions & political processes.
Major parties
sometimes disappear, but the development of a new second party is the traditional pattern.
California Indians
Spoke a great diversity of dialects. Largest concentration of Indians in North America. Similar physical traits and features. Primarily hunter/gatherer societies. Subsistence was based almost exclusively on availble resources.
Cabinet or parliamentary gov.
Policy-making executives are the prime minister & the # of the cabinet, all of whom are members of the legislature & dependent on support of the legislature for continuance in office. Parliamentary gov. differs from the American system of separation of powers in that executive authority is dependent on the legislature.
Confederation
A loose union of states in which the principal power of gov are retained by the individual member states. Central gov. exists to perform a limited # of functions, such as national defense. The US was a confederation for 8 years under the Articles of Confederation.
The 26th Amendment
allows 18-year olds to vote in national elections.
The presidential veto
An example of an executive check on the legislative branch.
Democracy
The primary meaning is government by the people. Indirect democracy implies government by the people's representatives, as in the U.S.
The 24th Amendment
forbids states to collect a poll tax as a prerequisite to voting in national elections.
Federation
A federation, such as the US, is a union of 2 or more local governments under 1 central gov., with both the central & local govs excercising independent spheres of authority, either in theory or in practice. In encourages unity in matters of general concern, but autonomy (independent authority) in matters of local concern.
The power of enforcement
of court decisions is a check of the executive over the judicial branch.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished because fighting was illegal; had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas
Article I, Section 10
This forbids the states to enter treaties, coin money, subvert the national currency, or pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts, and so on. It outlaws tariffs by states.
Ming Dynasty
A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century.The ousted the Mongols. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
Bering Strait
Many people believe this was once a land bridge connecting Russia and Alaska; the first Americans used this to settle in North America
The Manchus
-Entered China and easily changed the Ming dynasty into the Qing dynasty since they were sinicized before -Established a Confucian government with six ministries, a censorate, and other Chinese institutions -Were segregated from the Chinese Forbidden to marry Chinese The children had to study their language No footbinding Followed a policy of Isolationism.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
The power to interpret
The Constitution & laws is an example of a check the judicianry holds over the president & Congress.
Presidential government
A distictive feature of the executive is that he or she is elected independently of the legislative & holds office for a fixed period. Also, the executive has extensive power not subject to control by the legislature. The term presidential government is descriptive of the system employed by the US.
The Shogun
created during kamakura era, In theory: Emperor's military chief of staff, In reality: Actual ruler of Japan
The 14th Amendment
It defines citizenship, providing supremacy of national citizenship over state citizenship. It restrains the states from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law or denying persons the equal protection of laws.
The Heian Era
The Heian Era commenced in 794, and was a time when Japan gradually stopped imitating China, developing into a distinct new culture. The new culture mixed both Chinese and Japanese cultures, combining the faiths of China, Shintoism, and Buddhism. A new writing system called kana was simplified from the Chinese writing into a phonetic Japanese alphabet. By the twelfth century a warrior class called samurais dominated the Heian region. However, the warloads did not take over the emperor's position, but instead took a more serious lead position and became the shogun, controller of Japan's armies.
Minor parties
do arise & influence national politics. Minor parties have sometimes had senators & representatives elected and have occasionally dominated state & local politics.
Confucius
Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.
Control of expenditures
Is an example of a legislative check on the executive branch.
Why were California's indigenous people isolated from the cultures that developed on the Great Plains?
Rugged topography: . mountains . deserts
Kublai Khan
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China
No minor party
has ever had a president elected.
The 19th Amendment
forbids states to deny women the right to vote.
Governmental stability
is enhanced by a two-party system as opposed to a multiparty system.
The Samurai
Known as knights of feudal Japan and retainers of the daimyo. This aristocratic warrior class arose during the 12th-century wars between the Taira and Minamoto clans and was consolidated in the Tokugawa period. They were privileged to wear two swords, and at one time had the right to cut down any commoner who offended them. They cultivated the martial virtues, indifference to pain or death, and unfailing loyalty to their overlords.
Kamakura Shogunate
A military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 133. It was based in Kamakura which was the capital of the shogunate.
Electoral decisions
are usually majority decisions, encouraging majority support for governmental policies.
Early Japanese Culture
Developed their own language, a sophisticated systemof writing, literature and poetry, with great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners.
When did the earliest peoples arrive in California?
About 15,000 years ago
Travel by foot within a region was easy or difficult?
Difficult--topography
Balance of Power
Separated and balanced among executive, legislative, & judicial branches to avoid centralization of powers & resultant tyranny.
Socialism
stands for relatively rapid & sweeping economic collectivism (gov. ownership).
Individualism
advocates the restriction of governmental activities within narrow limits, leaving a broad area of freedom to the individual.
The theory of the Divine right
The right of the ruler to rule was inherited from his or her ancestors, who were believed to have been appointed by a supreme being. It is identified w/absolutist governments. It was accepted as the justification for the rule of kings in much of the western world from the 15th-18th centuries. Theory was weakend & replaced by the new contact theory, which held that ruler's power was granted to him not by God, but the sovereign people.
The 15th Amendment
intended to give blacks the right to vote.
Dictatorship
Government resting on the will of a single person or a small group of persons. The welfare of the state is often held above the welfare of the individual.
Were California's indigenous people isolated from the cultures in Mexico?
Yes. It's the topography thing again.
Ashikaga Shogunate
The Ashikaga Shogunate is the weakest of the three Japanese bakufu governments. Unlike its predecessor, the Kamakura Shogunate, or its successor, the , when Ashikaga Takauji established his bakufu he had little personal territories with which to support his rule. The Ashikaga Shogunate was thus heavily reliant on the prestige and personal authority of its shoguns.
Two major parties
During most of US history, power has alternated between 2 major parties.
Shinto Religion
The first religion of Japan, "The way of the Gods." Shinto celebrates the mysteries and unforeseen forces of nature. Animistic. According to Shinto beliefs, divine spirits called kami are associated with the awesome forces of nature, such as rushing rivers, thundering waterfalls, etc.
The force theory
This theory holds that the state is a product of force & conquest. Like other theories, it cannot be proved & is generally considered inadequate as an explanation of the origin of the state.
The economic interest theory
The primary role of gov. & of the state is to develop, promote, & protect economic interests such as trade, markets, commerce, & wealth. Economic interestss that thrive under the protection of the state are powerful in determining the direction of governmental policy.
Anarchism
holds that all government is evil, unnecessary, & undesirable.
Section 9
(50 cards)
Material belongs found to be similar amongst the California Indians:
1. Subsistence agricultural implements 2. Receptacles 3. Musical instruments 4. Money
What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?
Restricted European colonization of the Americas
Shared heritage: How was lineage traced?
Paternal side
Shared heritage: Were sweathouses used by men only or both men and women?
Men only
What was the US government's response to the Russian threat?
Monroe Doctrine
Why did California have a patchwork of isolated and distinct tribal groupings?
Regional relations between groups were limited b/c travel was difficult
Fort Ross
Ivan Kuskov and a group of fur trapper built this fort near San Francisco., a trading post, near Bodega Bay, built by Russians in 1812. It was a base for sea otter hunters. they sold tools in exchange for salt, wheat, and other foods
California Indian Language
Diverse set of dialects Remember the were isolated by the topography
Shared heritage: The fables, moral tales, included what animals?
Regional animals and natural phenomena: . coyote . raven . bear . snake . thunder
Desert tribes:
1. Mojave 2. Serrano
Northern California tribes
1. Yurok 2. Hupa 3. Modoc 4. Pomo
Shared heritage: Roles were sex differentiated:
Men: hunt, fish Women: gather food & materials, killed small game
Why did Spain presume possession of California but pay it little attention?
Spain focussed on richer parts of empire in . Mexico . Peru . Phillipines
Shared heritage: Ceremonies dealt with turning points of life and rites of passage such as:
* Birth * Death * Puberty * Marriage * Hunting
What was Spain's response to Russian explorations?
Renewed Spain's interest in colonizing California
Central California tribes:
1. Maidu 2. Miwok
Were the weapons of the California Indians very sophisticated?
No. bow and arrow, obsidian points hunting blades, spears, harpoons, clubs, and throwing sticks
What did the California Indians eat?
Acorns . Oak trees were plentiful
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
T/F: Shaman usually goes into a trance during rituals or when practicing divination & healing.
True
Coastal tribes:
1. Coastal Miwok 2. Esselen 3. Chumash
What were the next 2 safe harbors discovered by Spain at this time?
Monterey and San Francisco
How did Spain react to potential Russian, British, American presence?
Established presidios & pueblos in valleys around San Francisco Bay
What was Spain's reason to explore?
Conquest & Wealth
Shared heritage: Was the oral story tradition used?
Yes, by all California Indians
What kind of passage was Cabrillo searching for?
A water passage between the Pacific and Atlantic
Shared heritage: What was smoked in ceremonies?
jimsonweed Native tobacco
Acorn Preparation
. dry . store . crack . leach before eating
Examples of agricultural implements
* Mortar & pestle * Metate * Grinding slab * Digging stick
Sierra Nevada tribes:
1. Miwok 2. Mono
Shaman
The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture.
Examples of musical instruments
* Drum * Rattle * Flute * Rasp * Bow
How did the Spanish end up exploring the Baja peninsula?
In 1530s Cortes was in search of Seven Cities of Cibola
Relative to the Plains Indians, were the California Indians warlike?
No.
Did Spain do much more colonization of California after finding Monterey & San Francisco?
Not so much for the next 100 years
Is there controversy about when people arrived in California?
Yes. Evidence from the archaeological site at Calico could push the date to 50,000.
Were there a large number of California Indians or a small number?
Large number: . Estimated: 150,000 - 300,000
Who else, beside Spain, viewed Russian exploration as a threat?
American government
Cabrillo discovered what 4 spots?
1. San Diego Bay 2. Santa Barbara Islands 3. Point Conception 4. Point Reyes
Shared heritage: Religions involved: . myths . creation stories annnnd
* Shamanism * Influence of nature
Examples of money
* Clam disks and Olivella shells
Russia was interest in what "product"
Fur
The geologic period during which people crossed the Bering Strait land bridge into North America?
Late Pleistocene or Early Ice Age 20,000 to 30,000 years ago
Russian Fur interests in Alaska
Pushed southward
Transportation reflected geographic factors. What 2 kinds of boats were used?
South: balsa & raft-type boats North: plank canoes
How did the California Indian dwellings vary with location & climate?
North: frame & plank Southern desert: brush shelters Coast: earthen mounds
Examples of receptacles
* Baskets--most famous * Pottery * Wood * Stone bowls
Spanish Conquest
Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to sponsor his voyage to Asia by the Atlantic Ocean, and thus found the Americas. The Spanish took control of the Indians and began converting them to Catholicism. Soon, the Spanish slave trade started. Disease and malnutrition decimated the Indian population.
The Seven Cities of Cibola
The place were mythical North American towns supposedly so wealthy that streets were paved with gold.with Amazon like women who used golden weapons.
What inspired Spain to finally colonize California?
Drake's claim in 1579 and the threat by England
Section 10
(50 cards)
Who is credited with developing the mission system?
Father Serra
Gold Fever
The rush to secure gold, especially alluvial gold, in order to acquire immediate riches and the associated social status. New flood into Golden state, soon apply to become free state, tip the balance, set off sectional debate on slavery
How far between the 21 missions?
One day's journey
Mission Summary: 3 Positive Outcomes
1. Provided presidios w/food & goods 2. Some enjoyed great economic success 3. Gave Spanish a foothold in California
Sutter's Fort
John Sutter was an immigrant that settled in California. He started a settlement called New Helvetia. he built a fort on land that the governer gave him, and people who crossed the Sierra Nevada sometimes ended up here.
Mission Summary: 3 Negative Outcomes
1. Fatally exposed Indians to European diseases 2. Destroyed native culture 3. Exploited indigenous labor force
John Sutter
An immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.
What's a presidio?
Military fort
Kit Carson
United States frontiersman who guided Fremont's expeditions in the 1840s and served as a Union general in the Civil War (1809-1868), an American frontiersman. He gained notoriety for his role as John C. Fremont's guide in the American West.
List 3 reasons Spain & the Franciscans built their missions.
1. Convert Indians to Christianity 2. Establish cultural & agricultural centers 3. Populate Alta California for Spain
California Land Boom 1880's
The railroads ended the region's isolation. The railroad made transportation cheaper and easier, causing a land boom in the 1880s. During the "Boom of the 80s," thousands of farmers and opportunity seekers moved to southern California.
Initiative
Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters
Railroad Commission
A full-time, three-member paid commission elected by the people to regulate oil and gas and some transportation entities
When did the Franciscan Friars complete the last mission?
1823
How did Spain and the Church subdue the Indians?
"Both the sword and the cross were used to subdue the Indians"
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
Ended the War with Mexico and included the Mexican Cession transfer of California and the future states of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah to U.S. control.
The Bear Flag Revolt
A short-lived independence rebellion precipitated by American settlers in California's Sacramento Valley against Mexican authorities. The Americans issued a declaration of independence and hoisted a flag, white with a grizzly bear facing a red star. The innsurectionists elected Frémont to head the "Republic of California." The Republic was quick to fall. Commandor Sloat claimed California for the United States, and replaced the bear flag with the American flag.
Who established the missions along the El Camino Real?
Franciscan Friars
Mission Summary: 3 Purposes for building the missions
1. Create permanent, self-sufficient Spanish settlements 2. Defend Spanish empire in Mexico 3. Convert indigenous people
Jedidiah Smith
Mountain man, trapper, and trader known for exploring the Rockies. He opened up the west with his discovery of the South Pass, which was wider and less steep than previous passes and which allowed wagon trails to run through it.
Recall
Procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Law passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country, but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence
What was the result of the secularization of the mission system?
Most mission property was privately owned
John C. Fremont
Commissioned by the Senate to document and survey the west. His descriptions were to make the West look as nice as possible. His famous stories glorified the West and all the abundance of land and possible wealth, , Dashing explorer/adventurer who led the overthrow of Mexican rule in California after war broke out
Bank of California
During the California economic depression of the 1870s, the collapse of this further weakened the California economy.
Hiram Johnson
Progressive governor of California who broke the stranglehold of the Southern Pacific Railroad on the state's politics
How are Serra's lasting contributions perceived?
Serra's contributions are controversial
What changed in the mission system in the 1830s?
The mission system began a secularization process
The Compromise of 1850
Compromise that made . . . 1. California admitted as a free state 2. Fugitive Slave Law 3. Slave Trade banned in Washington 4.Popular Sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah
Where did the Jesuits establish their 5 permanent settlements?
Baja in the early 1700's
James W. Marshall
One of Sutter's employees; detected flakes of heavy yellow metal at the botton of a wooden canal used to divert water from the American River
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836.
What's a pueblo?
Small settlement
Anti Chinese Sentiment
Anti-Chinese sentiment only increased when the completion of the transcontinental railroad freed up 9,000 Chinese laborers, fueling the hostility of American workers who, like the miners before them, resented Chinese immigrants for the economic competition they presented and blamed them for the bad economy.
The Californian Alien Land Act
prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or possessing long-term leases over it, but permitted leases lasting up to three years. It affected the Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrant farmers in California.
What foodstuffs were cultivated?
Cereal Grains Grapes Fruit Olives * Livestock
Father Serra
The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain.
Yellow Peril
A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan and China. Fear of asian immigration and Japan's rising military power.
Referendum
The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.
Workingmans Party
Nativist, Anti-Chinese, and anti Big Business.
Railroad's Big Four
The Big Four was the name popularly given to the chief entrepreneurs in the building of the Central Pacific Railroad, the western portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.However, the four of them preferred to be known as "The Associates". Controlled the railroad industry and California Politics
Where is the southern-most mission?
San Diego
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west. Chinese on the Cental Pacific and Irish on the Union Pacific.
Mission Summary: 3 Characteristics of the organization of the missions
1. Locate in areas w/high concentration native population 2. All buildings built with materials on hand 3. Each mission cultivated food
The Land-Grant System
The Spanish, and later the Méxican government encouraged settlement of territory now known as California by the establishment of large land grants called ranchos. Devoted to raising cattle and sheep, the owners of the ranchos attempted to pattern themselves after the landed gentry of Spain. Their workers included Californian Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish, many of them former Mission residents. The ranchos established land-use patterns that are recognizable in the California of today.
Ranchos
Owned by Californios, huge properties in California worked by Native Americanss in return for food, shelter
Lincoln Roosevelt League
a coalition party pushed through reforms and controlled the Republican Party.
Chinese Immigrants
Chinese immigrants began arriving in America in significant numbers in the 1850s, most from the southern provinces of China where war, persecution and famine caused the deaths of millions. American businessmen actively sought Chinese laborers in mines and other industries, using them to provide much of the labor for building the transcontinental railroads. While the Chinese were first praised as diligent workers, praise later turned to hostility as the railroad was completed and competition for other jobs increased. Anti-Chinese political activity and violence erupted between 1880-1900 throughout the West, resulting in scores of deaths.
Where is the northern-most mission?
Sonoma
The Panama Canal
Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion; built by Roosevelt
Section 11
(50 cards)
Japanese Internment Camps
The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor because they were perceived to be a threat to national safety.
California and WWI
Wages, production, manufactureing and commerce expanded rapidly. Real Estate Boom. Movies, oil and Agriculture thrived.
Communism
Economic system State controls the means of production and distributes the profits
The Coast Ranges
-There are mountain ranges along the western coast of California, extending from the Klamath Mountains in the north (Oregon border region) to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada (Southern California) -The San Andreas Fault system divides this region along a north/south axis -The range is approx. 550 miles long -The plant diversity ranges from giant redwoods in the north to chaparral in the south -The mountains are a series of parallel ranges formed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding -The climate of the Coast Ranges varies from low-pressure areas that produce fog and rain in the northern sections to a Mediterranean-type condition in the south
Fief
Land held by lords under the feudal system
The Basin and Range
-This extreme landscape of short, parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern border of California ---The northern section is part of a lava plateau ---The southern section is generally dry. The Mojave Desert is the major geographical feature in the south. -The Northwest and Southwest Great Basin, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in this region -Death Valley (in the Mojave Desert), the lowest point in the U.S., was formed by faulting (not erosion) -The system extends in to Nevada and Utah -Irrigation with water from the Colorado River has allowed large-scale farming in the Imperial and Coachella valleys
Conquistadores
Spanish explores who sought riches in Central & South America. Established colonies along the way.
Californios
Residents of the rancho system in CA just before the Mexican-American War. Mexican citizens who identified themselves more so as Californios than as Mexicans.
California Geology
Evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity
Central Valley Project (CVP)
Federal water project undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1935. Long term plan to effectively use water in CA's Central Valley
The United Farm Workers
A labor union created from the merging of two groups, the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Filipino organizer Larry Itliong, and the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by César Chávez.
Emancipation proclimation
Lincoln 1863 freed all slaves in regions still fighting against the Union
Democratic-Republican Party
One of the first 2 political parties in the USA led by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison. Opposed Federalist Party, in favor of individual rights, anti-big government.
Bear Flag Revolt
A brief attempt at the beginning of the Mexican-American War to establish an independent California Republic
Great awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in first part of 1700s
The Townsend Plan
proposed placing $200 of government funds per month in the hands of people aged 60 and older, with the requirements that the recipients be retired and spend the money within 30 days
The Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
-This area extends from Santa Barbara to San Diego -The Transverse/Los Angeles ranges extend in an easterly (transverse) direction from the coast. (All other California ranges extend north and south.) -These ranges include the Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains -The Los Angeles Basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial deposition of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges -The Penninsular ranges extend south from the San Bernadino Mountains in Baja California and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough -The faulted eastern sections of the Peninsular ranges are characterized by sharp drop-offs. It is a complex region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs) and the Elsinore.
The Modoc Plateau
-The southern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of California. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada. -The area is separate from the Sierra Nevada and is about 25 miles wide -The Cascade Range mountains were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many, like Mt. Shasta (14,162 feet), are dormant or extinct volcanoes -Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world -The Modoc Plateau is a level tableland of volcanic origin
Mount Whitney
The highest peak in the Sierra Nevada range in California (14,494 feet high)
The Watts Riot
The first of a series of racial disorders that hit cities throughout the United States in the summers of 1965-1967. they usually began with an arrest or a police raid that was followed by rumors of resistance and police brutality
Lassen Peak
is the largest plug dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world.
California and WWIl
Manufacturing base was greatly increased by airplanes ships and other war products. California became the defense center of the nation.
Beshido
The code of the knights in feudal Japan Equivalent of chivalry in Europe
Ceasar Chavez
Latino leader from 1962-1993 who organized the United Farm Workers to help migratory farm workers get better pay and working conditions
The San Andreas Fault
This is the name for a famous transform boundary in California.
Federalist Papers
Series of articles, Alexander Hamilton 1787, James Madison & John Jay gain support for the then-proposed Constitution
Free-soilers
Political Party, pre-Civil War, small but influential, Opposed extension of slavery into western territories
Caste
Social class based on differences of wealth, inherited rank or privilege, profession or occupation
Proposition 13
Californians staged a "tax revolt" that slashed property taxes and forced painful cuts in government services
CA's Mission System
A "Sacred expedition" 21 Missions - spaced 1 day's travel apart El Camino Real (The Royal Road) New Spain wanted to settle California before the English/Russians did
Circumnavigate
To sail completely around the Earth
Economics
Social science dealing with the production, distribution & consumption of goods & services
The Central Valley
-Separates the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range -Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide -The valley is a flat, sedimentary plain. The soil is fertile and makes the valley the major agricultural region of the state. -60% of California's farmland is located in the Central Valley -A majority of the state;s water supply is caught in the Central Valley as runoff from the Sierra Nevada -The Sacramento Delta, encompassing 1,200 square miles of waterways, is located where the Sacramento (south-flowing) and San Joaquin (north-flowing) rivers meet
The Klamath Mountains
-Located in the northwestern corner of the states -They are an extension of the Coast Ranges -The mountains are rugged, steep, and in the 6,000- to 8,000-foot range -The area receives heavy precipitation, and dense forests cover the mountains
Muckraker
A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
The Cascade Range
-Form the western mountain ranges -The western slope of the Sierra Nevada borders the Central Valley of California -The Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley
Executive Branch
Oversees that the country's laws are executed (President, FBI, US Marshalls)
Aqueduct
A Man-Made channel constructed to convey water from one location to the other
Fudalism
Social, economic & political system in which power is decentralized varying number of lords hold land which they allow others to live and work in exchange for loyalty and service (Medieval Europe)
Code of Hammurabi
The first known written legal code from ancient Babylon preceded Justinian Code by 2,000 years
California Climate
-Southern California's climate characterized as Mediterranean and is unique in the United States -The state has many diverse microclimates, though generally the coastal climate is mild and the interior is much more extreme -The interior basins have the most extreme temperatures
49ers
nickname for the influx of people that arrived in CA starting in 1849 Gold Rush
Daimyo
Japanese Feudal Lord (Equivalent of Lord in Europe)
Federalism
System of government, consists of a number of self-governing regions (states) united by a central (federal) government ex: USA
The Sierra Nevada
The name of the mountain range that seperates California and Nevada. The snowy range. The highest mountains in California. Gold was discovered in the streams. Southern Cali is dependent on the rain from here. Rain shadow effect.
Silicon Valley
A region of western California southeast of San Francisco known for its high-tech design and manufacturing industries
California Topography
Drastic changes in topography across the state: rugged mountain peaks, fertile valleys, dense forests, ocean boundaries, and extensive deserts
Checks & Balances
Written into Constitution, cornerstones of our republic, involves all 3 branches of government, allows each branch to work as watchdog over others.
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.
Gentleman's Agreement
1907 treaty with Japan, allowed wives to join their husbands that were already in the USA. In return, Japan couldn't deny exit visas for Japanese men that wanted to move to USA
Section 12
(50 cards)
Rancho System
A land allotment system defined by a few large landowners & many landless workers
Manifest Destiny
1845 phrase, USA should expand to Pacific Ocean Best Ex: Mexican American War
Separate but equal
reasoning for segregation of blacks and whites
Pueblos
towns around the CA missions built around a church and town square
15th Amendment
Voting to freedmen
Legislative Branch
Makes the Congressional Laws (Congress)
shang dynasty
1st dynasty controlled single ??
Hunter / gatherer societies
Early society, men hunted mean, women gathered fruits/veggies/nuts
ch'in dynasty
1st dynasty to establish a strong central gov. that unified all of China. Introduced philosophy of legalism, it laid groundwork for cultural ideas. strict set of laws and strict responsibility people have for society to fill your role, if you didn't you had bad penalties.
Name 3 reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire
1. Continuous barbarian invasions 2. No formal political system 3. Rise of Christianity divides empire (internal - decline of farm reduction, excessive tax, inflation...)
Mercantilism
Practice of state regulation and control of an economy
Great Compromise
Decision made by Constitutional Congress, split Congress into two houses, House of Representatives - based on population (Virginia Plan), Senate - based on equal representation (New Jersey Plan)
"Age of Discovery" (1450-1763)
1. European explores in search of Asia discovered a new continent. 2. The "Age of Discovery" resulted in renewed European rivalry. 3. Spain, France, England, Portugal, and the Netherlands competed for land.
Popular Sovereignty
Direct Democracy
Exploration and Colonization (1450-1763)
1. The opening of new worlds was associated with age of discovery 2. England developed permanent colonises in North America
Serf
Peasants who work on land in feudal system
Magna Carta
American Constitution - Importance of a written constitution - Right to due process of law - Protect against excessive bail
Renaissance
French word for "rebirth" Flowering of Europe culture after Medieval period
Justinian Code
Basis for the justice system used in Western World (including USA)
Shogun
Feudal Japan, Equivalent of European King
10% Plan
Created by President Johnson (Lincoln's VP) Southern state could be readmitted to the union if 10% of those that voted in 1860 election vowed loyalty to the Union
Judicial Branch
Branch of government that interprets Congressional Laws (Supreme Court)
Octopus
Nickname for the Central Pacific Railroad's monopoly over CA's commerce (early 1900s)
Missouri Compromise
1820 Law, Compromise that made it so that no state North of the Mason Dixie line (except Missouri) that was added to the union could be a slave state
Monotheism
Worship of only 1 god
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
British reaction to Boston Tea Party, Put more rigid restriction on colonial town meetings & other harsh penalties
3/5 Compromise
Slaved count as 3/5 of a person written into original constitution regarding population counts
Law of supply & demand
basic economic principle stating that if supply is greater than demand, the value of a product is lower
reconsitution
Time period after civil war, Lincoln hoped to reconcile the North and South, Johnson's plans for reconstitution failed b/c he was too lenient on south (only req. 10% of southerners to declare loyalty to the union for the sate to reenter)
California's American Indian People's
Calie was home to more Native Americans than any other regions in the U.S. -because there are a lot of natural resources that could be used here. -relied on acorns as primary food source (acorn flour) -basket weaving -polytheistic cultures
What were the results of the industrial revolution?
Growth of canal system, increase productivity, rise of industrial cities, division of society in distinct classes
Christopher Columbus
First person to govern major settlements in North America
Nullification
Right that the southern states felt they had after the Missouri Compromise. Thought they had the right to refuse to agree with Federal laws they didn't agree with.
Articles of Confed.
- states printed own currency - each state records one vote in congress - Amendments needed a unanimous vote
han dynasty
time of great prosperity, China grew. -active trade routes to Europe -trading in Europe -politics influenced by Confucianism. -buddhism also comes from here
Land Commission
Est. to settle disputed between Californios' land claims during 1st few years of statehood
Louisiana Purchas
1803 Thomas Jefferson doubled the USA's territory
Pilgrims
Religious group who had broken away from the church of England, 1st went to Holland, then went to Mass. in fall of 1620
Presidio
Forts built by Spanish, protects the missionaries and settlers during revolts by Native Americans
Spanish Exploration
-The mission system had a significant impact on early Cali, both religiously and economically. -Native people used as free labor for agriculture -The missions didn't satisfy either goal effectively -When Mexico got it's independence from Spain it got rid of the Mission systems and
early exploration of North America
Norris explorers preceded Columbus in reaching the new world but Columbus was the first explorer to establish and government agencies major settlements
US constitution separation of powers
Legislative (congress) - make laws & declares war Executive (President) - enforcing laws, veto Judicial (courts) - interpret the laws, declare act of congress unconstitutional
hydraulic mining
Greatest impact on farmers and steamboat companies
Vassal
equivalent to knight
sui dynasty
grand canal was built connecting the Yankee river valley with the North where politics and the military were stationed. Supplied North w fanning products, helped unify China.
Hellenistic Age
Fusion of Greek and eastern cultures increase in international trade, end Greek city-state system
Reincarnation
Belief that you are reborn as another organism Hinuidm
chou (zhou) dynasty
came from west, allowed semi-independent states to remain in the east, was a lot of fighting in eastern part of China becasue Chou were not expecting control.
Sucession
Southern states leaving the union
Relocation Camps
Japanese internment camps during WWII
Section 13
(50 cards)
The colonial regions three of them
North New England Shipbuilding. Middle colonies farming. Southern colonies tobacco and cotton.
The Constitution
Established the US government as it exists today and attempted to protect citizens freedoms through the Bill of Rights
Executive branch
The president and his cabinet
Columbus four major trips to America
During his four major trips to America Columbus took Native American slaves back to Spain and also establish poorly managed Agricultural and Mining camps in which Native Americans often raped tortured and forced into performing slave labor
1776 colonies declare independence
War began the battles of Saratoga and the Battle of Yorktown two major battles
Impeachment
A tool that legislature can use to keep things and checks and balances on the executive branch
Things that were brought from Europe to the new world
Diseases such as smallpox. Christianity. Horses.
Colonial era French Indian War
What is an extension of the seven year war Spanish in French and Indians lost to the British as a result the British acquired serious debt and problems controlling the large new territory they started taxing heavily resentment started to build in the settlements towards the British
Annexation of the Republic of Texas
Texas succeeded from Mexico letter to join the u.s. or annexed into the u.s.
Intolerable Acts
To punish Americans for the Boston Tea Party basically the colonists were put under martial law and they didn't like it
War of 1812 one of the sailors
England was taking over the sea and taking captive the sailors are the United States the world was really a draw but it true the country together who created nationalism Unity of all states established United States as a power
Bicameral
Two houses of government under the legislative branch
States joining the Union
Each state could decide weather to be a slave or non slave state
Slave trade
Europe's desire for Cheap Tobacco and cotton set up the first leg of the trade route to pick up slaves from Africa the middle passage was Bieber doing inhumane where slaves were brought to America then sell them pick up tobacco and start the process all over again
Lack of representation
No taxation without representation and Parliament in the British government
Judicial branch
Can take a look at a law that has been passed by the executive and legislative branches if it is not constitutional they can throw the law out
Manifest destiny
The expansion of our country to the West
Gadsden purchase
Land in Arizona and New Mexico Purchase from Mexico to complete the United States
John Cabot
Made the first voyage to America for England
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded by Puritans who wanted to break away from the church to set up a more pure Bible wealth for America the pilgrims in the Plymouth Colony
Things that were taken from the new world to the old world
Corn was taken to Europe . the canoe. Slaves. Diseases such as syphilis.
Louisiana Purchase
Purchased by Thomas Jefferson from the French doubling the United States territorial holding
New York
Named after the Duchess of York used to be New Amsterdam when the Dutch rope
United States political system
Articles of Confederation and the Constitution
Marberry versus Madison
Set up power for judicial review to declare a law unconstitutional
Revolutionary War or War reasons for the declaration of Independence
Tariffs lack of representation quarantine a British soldiers Boston Massacre the. Itloerable acts
Two political parties
The Federalist strong central government. Anti-federalist more states rights and States power mostly Southerners
Oregon Territory
Signed a treaty with Great Britain for this area
Battle of Saratoga
Patriots won their first battle against the British and convinced the French they have a good chance of winning the French started helping the colonists to weaken the British weapons money Exedra
Many different parties existed over time
The Democratic. Versus the Whigs that became the Republicans eccentric
Purpose of executive branch
To enforce the laws
U.s. government three branches
Legislative executive and judicial branches
Articles of Confederation created 3 things
The ability to unite the colonies to form an army. Fund the war effort print and borrow money. Resolve territorial disputes who gets what regions.
Articles of Confederation
Recreate it as a wartime document and were too limited to serve as the basis for government
Vito
It was sent to the president that is rejected. Once the president has vetoed a law there must be a two-thirds majority vote to pass the law
Pennsylvania
What started by Quakers farming and religious group
Jamestown Settlement
One of the first colonies located in Virginia first permanent settlement in North America founded by the London company
Quartering of British soldiers
Having to put the soldiers up for the government
Purpose of legislative branch
To make the laws
Tariffs
The Townshend Acts variety of different Goods like tea, the stamp act. Tax on written Goods most errors were removed except for the tax on tea protest by the Boston Tea Party
Battle of Yorktown
What's the battle the Patriots won to ensure the victory over the British which led to the colonies becoming independent states
Judicial branch
Supreme Court and lower courts
Boston Massacre
Citizens taunting the troops the troops fired on the citizens
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the Constitution designed to protect the people.
Coronado
Explored the American southwest the Pacific coast
Purpose of judicial branch
To interpret the laws
Conflict of slavery
The north did not like people being enslaved the South needed them for economic purposes
Executive branch
Nominates Supreme Court if legislative Branch must ratify the nominee
California territory
After winning the Spanish-American War in signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago this territory became part of the United States
Legislature
Representation the House of Representatives is based on population. In the Senate it's based on two Representatives Peach State done this way so the larger states don't control smaller States
Section 14
(25 cards)