Section 1
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A mutation in _____ results in a change in _____ that sometimes produces a(n) _____ with altered structure and function. A. Protein; DNA; RNA B. DNA; RNA; protein C. Protein; RNA; DNA D. RNA; protein; DNA E. RNA; DNA; protein
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Section 1
(50 cards)
A mutation in _____ results in a change in _____ that sometimes produces a(n) _____ with altered structure and function. A. Protein; DNA; RNA B. DNA; RNA; protein C. Protein; RNA; DNA D. RNA; protein; DNA E. RNA; DNA; protein
B. DNA; RNA; protein
In general, colder temperatures reduce the fluidity of the membrane, so cells will produce different molecules to maintain the proper degree of fluidity. How would the membrane change in response to colder temperatures? A. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids would increase B. The length of the fatty acid side chains in the phospholipids would increase C. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids would decrease D. The amount of saturated triacylglycerols would decrease E. The amount of saturated triacylglycerols would increase
A. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids would increase.
Which one of the following is NOT a component of a phospholipid? A. A core of four fused carbon rings B. All of these choices are correct. C. A 3-carbon backbone such as glycerol D. Two fatty acid tails E. A phosphate group
A. A core of four fused carbon rings
Which statement BEST describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? A. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below the ice. B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. C. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze. D. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in the lake.
A. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below the ice.
Which of the following accurately describes a polar covalent bond? A. The unequal sharing of electrons between an atom with a partial positive charge, and an atom with a partial negative charge B. The equal sharing of electrons between atoms of identical or similar electronegativities C. The interaction of a hydrogen atom connected to an atom with a high electronegativity, and an electronegative atom of another molecule D. None of the answers is correct E. The interaction of an atom with very high electronegativity, and an atom with very low electronegativity
A. The unequal sharing of electrons between an atom with a partial positive charge, and an atom with a partial negative charge
All organisms use which of the following molecules to carry out cellular work such as growth and moving stubtances? A. RNA B. ATP C. DNA D. None of the other answer options is correct. E. Membranes
B. ATP
The three main groups, or domains, of organisms are: A. Animals, plants, and bacteria. B. Bacteria, archaea, and prokaryotes. C. Animals, plants, and protists. D. Animals, plants, and fungi. E. Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
E. Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
At some point in their life cycle, all cells have a _____, whereas not all cells have a(n) _____. A. Nucleus; cytoplasm B. Nucleus; plasma membrane C. Plasma membrane; RNA or DNA D. Nucleus; nuclear membrane E. Plasma membrane; nuclear membrane
E. Plasma membrane; nuclear membrane
Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond? A. The bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within the same water molecule B. The bond that forms between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within different water molecules C. The bond that forms between two oxygen atoms within different water molecules D. The bond that forms between a hydrogen and oxygen atom within the same water molecule E. The bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within different water molecules
B. The bond that forms between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within different water molecules
A major difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that: A. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not. B. Both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have a nucleus. C. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not. D. Neither eukaryotic cells nor prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
A woman's doctor tells her to gargle with salt water. She stirs a tablespoon of salt into a cup of warm water and watches it dissolve. Why does the salt dissolve in water? A. The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions. B. The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions. C. The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions, and the negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions. D. The negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions. E. The negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions.
C. The positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to chlorine ions, and the negative oxygen atoms in water molecules are attracted to sodium ions.
Translation is the process by which: A. Proteins are synthesized from DNA molecules. B. DNA is synthesized from protein. C. Proteins are synthesized from RNA molecules. D. RNA is synthesized from protein. E. RNA is synthesized from DNA.
C. Proteins are synthesized from RNA molecules.
As part of their normal function, many proteins bind to DNA briefly and then release it again. Which types of bonds might be involved in these transient protein-DNA interactions? A. Ionic B. Hydrogen C. Covalent D. van der Waals forces E. All of the above
A, B, and D: Ionic, hydrogen, and van der Waals
The energy before a chemical reaction and the energy after a chemical reaction is the same. This is an example of: A. The second law of thermodynamics. B. The scientific method. C. Evolution by natural selection. D. The first law of thermodynamics.
D. The first law of thermodynamics.
True/False: Observations allow scientists to draw tentative explanations called hypotheses.
True
Because of hydrogen bonding, water is uniquely suited for its central role in life. Many hydrophilic molecules interact freely with water, but a number of hydrophobic molecules are important for life, too. How does the interaction between water and hydrophobic molecules help to organize biological systems? A. Because water molecules preferentially associate with each other, they force hydrophobic molecules to associate with each other and not with water molecules. B. Because cells are not pure water (they have many substances dissolved within them), the hydrophilic/hydrophobic effect has a limited role in biological organization. C. None of the other answer options is correct. D. The ionic bonds between water molecules cause hydrophobic molecules to associate with each other and not with water molecules.
A. Because water molecules preferentially associate with each other, they force hydrophobic molecules to associate with each other and not with water molecules.
Which of the following are covalent bonds? A. Polypeptide bonds B. Phosphodiester bonds C. Glycosidic bonds D. All are correct
D. All are correct
Nucleic acids are important information storage molecules present in virtually every cell. Which of the following process are carried out by a cell when it accesses that information in the DNA of the genes? A. Transcription and translation B. DNA replication and transcription C. DNA replication and translation
A. Transcription and translation
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of individual cells? A. The presence of a plasma membrane B. The ability to store and transit information using nucleic acids C. The ability to harvest and transform energy from the environment D. The presence of a nucleus
D. The presence of a nucleus
In which of the following domains do the cells store their genetic information in a nucleus? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Eukarya and Archaea C. Archaea and Bacteria D. Eukarya E. Archaea
D. Eukarya
The unique properties of water are due to the _____ of water molecules and the ability of water to form _____ with other water molecules and with other polar molecules. A. Polarity; hydrogen bonds B. Polarity; polar covalent bonds C. Hydrophobicity; hydrogen bonds D. electronegativity; polar covalent bonds
A. Polarity; hydrogen bonds
A young girl is staring at the raindrops running down her window. She notices that the raindrops remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane. This is a result of: A. Oxygen bonds between water molecules. B. Polar covalent bonds between water molecules. C. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules. D. Covalent bonds between water molecules. E. Ionic bonds between water molecules.
C. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Imagine that a researcher claimed to have created a genetically modified plant that produces twice as much energy as it harnesses from its environment. How could this be possible? A. This is not possible because such a plant would violate the second law of thermodynamics. B. The researcher has inserted genes into the plant's genome that increase the amount of work the plant is capable of performing. C. The researcher has inserted a mutation into the plant's genome that causes twice the amount of ATP to be produced. D. The researcher has likely doubled the amount of DNA present in the plant's genome. E. The researcher has found a way to decrease the overall entropy of the plant.
A. This is not possible because such a plant would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
Water readily dissolves compounds that are referred to as: A. Nonpolar. B. Hydrophilic. C. Aqueous. D. Solvent. E. Hydrophobic.
B. Hydrophilic.
Which one of the following components of an amino acid differs from one amino acid to another? A. The α-carbon atom B. The hydrogen atom opposite the R group C. The carboxyl group D. The side chain E. The amino group
D. The side chain
What important feature(s) of noncovalent bonds make(s) them so important to life? A. They are weak in a cellular environment, so they can be made, broken, and reformed easily B. They are strong in a cellular environment that holds atoms together tightly C. None of the answers is correct D. They can only occur in cells
A. They are weak in a cellular environment, so they can be made, broken, and reformed easily
Of the following types of bonds between atoms, which is the STRONGEST? A. Ionic bond B. Hydrogen bond C. Covalent bond D. van der Waals forces
C. Covalent bond
Triacylglycerols are used primarily for: A. Biological catalysis. B. Information storage. C. Movement. D. Energy storage. E. Cell membrane biosynthesis.
D. Energy storage.
Pyrimidine and purine bases are found in: A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Nucleic acids D. Fatty acids E. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
The structural diversity of carbon-based molecules is determined by which of the following properties? A. The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds B. The orientation of those bonds in the form of a tetrahedron C. All of these choices are correct. D. The ability of those bonds to rotate freely
C. All of these choices are correct.
_____ are the subunits of nucleic acids, and _____ are the subunits of proteins. A. Nucleotides; amino acids B. Bases; polypeptides C. Nucleoli; amino acids D. Polypeptides; sugars E. Amino acids; nucleic bases
A. Nucleotides; amino acids
In DNA molecules, complementary base pairs always include one purine nucleotide and one pyrimidine nucleotide. In the DNA of certain bacterial cells, 16% of the nucleotides are adenine nucleotides. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides in the bacterial DNA? A. 34% thymine, 34% guanine, 16% cytosine B. None of the answers is correct C. 34% thymine, 16% guanine, 34% cytosine D. 34% uracil, 16% guanine, 16% cytosine E. 16% thymine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine
E. 16% thymine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine
14C is an isotope of carbon that possesses: A. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. B. 6 protons, 2 neutrons, and 6 electrons. C. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 2 electrons. D. 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 2 electrons. E. 8 protons, 6 neutrons, and 2 electrons.
A. 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons.
Helicase is an enzyme that separates the double helix of the DNA into two separate strands. How do you think helicase does this? A. By breaking phosphodiester bonds B. By breaking hydrogen bonds C. By breaking peptide bonds D. By breaking ionic bonds
B. By breaking hydrogen bonds
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates? A. Large amount of stored information B. Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions C. Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic D. Efficient storage of usable chemical energy E. None of the answers is correct
B. Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions.
Peptide bonds are characteristic of: A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins E. Fatty acids
D. Proteins
Which of the following bonds rely on the attraction of positive and negative charges? A. Ionic bonds and covalent bonds B. Ionic bonds C. Ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds D. Hydrogen bonds E. Covalent bonds
C. Ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
Which of the following CORRECTLY pairs the particles of an atom with their physical properties? A. Proton-uncharged; neutron-negatively charged; electron-positively charged B. Proton-positively charged; neutron-negatively charged; electron-uncharged C. Proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged D. Proton-negatively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-positively charged
C. Proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged
Lipid bilayers spontaneously form to orient the _____ tails _____ to minimize their contact with water. A. Hydrophilic; inside B. Hydrophobic; outside C. Hydrophobic; inside D. Hydrophilic; outside
C. Hydrophobic; inside
Based on the primer on scale and approximation, the length of a ribosome is approximately ____ orders of magnitude smaller than the length of a eukaryotic cell and approximately ____ orders of magnitude larger than the length of an amino acid. A. 0, 1 B. 100, 10 C. 1, 5 D. 3, 2
D. 3, 2
The ability of atoms to attract electrons is referred to as: A. Electronegativity. B. Hydrophobicity. C. van der Waals attraction. D. Potential energy. E. Cohesion.
A. Electronegativity.
Which one of the following biological polymers is defined by a physical property instead of a chemical structure? A. Polysaccharides B. Proteins C. Nucleic acids D. Lipids E. Monosaccharides
D. Lipids
A pair of shared valence electrons is referred to as a(n): A. van der Waals interaction. B. Hydrogen bond. C. Hydrophobic effect. D. Ionic bond. E. Covalent bond.
E. Covalent bond.
A water molecule contains what type of bond? A. Hydrogen B. van der Waals interactions C. Ionic D. Polar covalent
D. Polar covalent
A pair of atoms joined by a polar covalent bond: A. Mixes well with nonpolar solvents. B. Is unlikely to form hydrogen bonds with water. C. Has the charge spread evenly across both atoms. D. Has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.
D. Has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.
Which one of the following entities does NOT possess the ability to synthesize its own proteins? A. A human cell, a virus, and a bacterial cell B. A human cell C. A bacterial cell D. A viral particle and a bacterial cell E. A virus
E. A virus
Which one of the following MOST accurately describes the ratio of oxygen to carbon to hydrogen in a simple 6-carbon sugar such as glucose? A. 1:2:1 B. 1:1:2 C. 1:2:3 D. 2:1:1 E. 1:3:2
B. 1:1:2
Recall that a carbon atom behaves as if it possesses four valence electrons. Given this information, what is the MOST likely structural formula for carbon dioxide (CO2)? A. O-C=O B. O-C-O C. O=C=O D. O=C-O
C. O=C=O
Which one of the following represents the pH of a solution with the HIGHEST concentration of hydrogen ions? A. 1.0 B. 7.0 C. 11.5 D. 9.1 E. 4.5
A. 1.0
If you were to compare the entropy of a dog to that of a bucket of water, which of the following statement would be TRUE? A. The entropy of the bucket of water and the entropy of the dog would be equal. B. The entropy of the dog would be greater. C. The entropy of the bucket of water would be greater.
C. The entropy of the bucket of water would be greater.
Section 2
(44 cards)