Section 1
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lysosomes
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (109)
Section 1
(50 cards)
lysosomes
have digestive enzymes and recycle broken parts of the cell
specific heat capacity
the heat required to raise the temp of 1kg of water by 1C
macromolecules
large molecules serving important biological functions; polymers
isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
transports and store lipids; can detoxify and produce lipids
surface tension
the molecules are effected by various intramolecular forces of attraction; molecules on the surface are not effected by the molecules above
polymers
repeating monomers
cell wall
gives structure to plant cells and prokaryotes
isomers
compounds with the same formula but different structures
neutralization
when weak bases or acids react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
cohesion
when water molecules are attracted to each other
mitochondria
site of energy production/ cellular reproduction; glucose and o2 make ATP, h2o,and co2
carbs
saccharides
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons between electrons
cytoskeleton
hold organelles in place and help maintain the cells shape; microfilament, intermediate filament and microtubule
carbohydrates
hydrated carbons; made of C,H and O
amino acid (20)
monomer of proteins
DNA/RNA
polymer of nucleic acids
adhesion
the attraction between water and another substance
ribose diagram
hydrophobic
molecules that are repelled by water
proportions of carbohydrates
1:2:1
hydrogen bonds
a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom; lone pair on the electronegative atom
hydrolysis
breaking a polymer
polymerization
the process of building polymers
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer; controls what goes in and out of the cell; semipermeable
dehydration synthesis
adding a monomer
properties of water
cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, liquid at room temp, large specific heat capacity high latent heat capacity, universal solvent
vacuole
storage in plants and animals
nucleus
holds the genetic material for the cell; surrounded by the nuclear membrane
ribosomes
produce proteins; made of RNA; assemble and produce proteins; not an organelle
benzene
proportions of lipids
more c and h than o
butane
nucleotides (5)
monomer of nucleic acids
monosaccaride
monomer of carbohydrates
nucleoid region
holds DNA or RNA as the genetic info for prokaryotes
latent heat
while changing state the substance takes in heat or expel heat energy without a change in temperature
hydrophilic
molecules that are attracted to water
non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons between atoms
cytoplasm
the cytosol and all of the organelles; where most cellular processes take place
golgi apparatus
packages, stores, transports, and sorts proteins and sometimes lipids; transports items in vesicles
chloroplasts
have chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs sunlight, h2o and co2 make o2 and ATP
rough endoplasmic reticulum
transports and finishes proteins
centrioles
makes sure DNA during meiosis and mitosis is properly transferred
polypeptide
polymer of proteins
deoxyribose diagram
nucleolus
starts ribosome production
isobutane
polysaccharide
polymer of carbohydrates
Section 2
(50 cards)
quaternary structure
composed of two or more subunits; globular in shape; form in an aqueous environment; held together by hydrogen groups
proteins are denatured when
1. too high of a temperature 2. change in pH 3. curated or covered in salt
glucose diagram
unsaturated fat
carbon chain
'tail' hydrophobic
glycerol diagram
hydrogen bonds diagram
change in structure
change in function
di peptide
chain of two amino acids
ribose
a component of ribonucleic acid that plays a central role for protein synthesis
functions of proteins
1. storage 2. transport 3. regulatory 4. movement 5. structural 6. enzymes 7. defense 8. communication
Glucose
main product of photosynthesis, starts cellular respiration
polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides
chitin
structural polysaccharide in animals and fungi
substrate
what the enzyme acts on
deoxyribose
a component of deoxyribonucleic acid that is important genetic material
lipids
biological molecules that have little affinity for water (hydrophobic)
polyunsaturated fat
moe than one double hydrogen bond in an unsaturated fat
robert hooke
first person to discover cells
glycogen
polysaccharide in animals that stores excess sugar
beta pleated sheet diagram
Cell Theory
1. all organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. the cell is the basic unit of life 3. all cells come from existing cells
endosymbiont theory
the belief that mitochondria were there own prokaryotic cell engulfed by an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells
phospholipid bilayer
types of RNA
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
functions of carbohydrates
1. energy source in the C-H bonds(starch and glycogen) 2. structural support( cellulose and chitin)
carboxyl group
product
what is formed from the rxr
RNA
single stranded helix, AGC and uracil, carry info from DNA to ribosomes, ribose
beta pleated sheet
pleats
DNA
double stranded helix, AGCand thymine, stores hereditary info, longer, larger, deoxyribose
primary structure
straight chains of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds
carboxyl end
'head' hydrophilic
nucleotides
G,C,U,A,T,
Anton von Leewenhoek
expanded the theory o cells to include animals, plants, and yeast
"animo"
-NH2
tertiary structure
secondary structure bent and folded into a more complex 3D arrangement by linked polypeptides; bonded by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges
RNA diagram
starch
polysaccharide in plants that is stored for energy
denaturation
loss of a protein' native conformation; biologically inactive
alpha helix
coils
monosaccharides
single sugars (glucose, ribose, deoxyribose)
saturated fat
secondary structure
3D folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds
cellulose
structural polysaccharide in plants
DNA diagram
fatty acids
straight carbon chain with a carboxyl group on one end; common building blocks of lipids
enzymes
act as a catalyst for reactions in the body
"acids"
-COOH
alpha helix diagram
Section 3
(9 cards)