Section 1
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Organic Molecule
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Cards (162)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Organic Molecule
bounded molecules made of carbon
Homeostasis
Internal condition is balanced
Endocytosis
Large molecules going INTO the cell
Differentiation
How cells (stem cells) get their jobs
Passive Transport
No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)
Pyruvic Acid
Produced in Glycolysis and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration
Carbohydrate
(monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; 1 gram = 4 calories
Nuclear Envelope
Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus
Photosynthesis
Hypotonic
Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst
Monosaccharide
simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose)
Diffusion
No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism
Hypertonic
Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled
Aerobic Respiration
Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC
Cell Membrane
Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
Chloroplast
Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells
ATP
Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back
Prokaryote
Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Lipid
(1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; 1 gram = 9 calories
Nucleic Acids
Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA
Amino Acid
Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein
Cytoplasm
dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles
Cell Wall
Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection
Cellular Respiration
Catalyst
used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction
Facilitated Diffusion
uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy
Exocytosis
Large molecules going OUT of the cell
Ribosomes
Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs
Isotonic
Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell
Osmosis
No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out
Eukaryote
Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants and Animals)
Concentration Gradient
Drives diffusion; moves from high to low
Chromosome
long thread of DNA containing genetic information
Glycolysis
First stage of Cellular Respiration in which the Glucose molecule is broken in half creating two Pyruvic Acid molecules and 2ATP
Light Dependent Reaction
Solar energy needed to produce NADPH & ATP and Water (releasing oxygen) occurs in the Chloroplast
Organelles
Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)
Active Transport
Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)
Light Independent Reaction
Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma pf the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant
Electron Transport Chain
Final stage of Cellular Respiration where most of the energy is produced (34 ATP) in the mitochondria. Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water and Carbon Dioxide is released. (Aerobic)
Protein
(amino acids) referred to as the building blocks
Activation Energy
amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Nucleus
Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA
Vacuole
Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells
Mitochondria
Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs
Enzyme
Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate
Anaerobic Respiration
Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration
Unicellular Organism
Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)
Section 2
(50 cards)
Transcription
DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus
Phenotype
Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)
Recessive
Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present
DNA
Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix
Tetrad
Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over
Somatic
Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)
Nondisjunction
When chromosomes don't separate properly during anaphase, resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes
Law of Independent Assortment
Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait
Trait
Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring
Incomplete Dominance
Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations
Crossing Over
Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I
Codominance
offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly
Heterozygous
When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)
Stop Codon
Tells the ribosome to stop translating
Dominant
Trait is always expressed if present
Monohybrid Cross
examines the inheritance of one trait
Gene
specific location on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein
Heredity
Passing of traits from parent to offspring
Haploid
(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)
Cancer
Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)
Centromere
region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus
Nucleotide
small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
Diploid
(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent
Meiosis
Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells
Nitrogenous Base
Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine
DNA Replication
Process of making a copy of DNA through the use of enzymes (Helicase) and complimentary base pairing to ensure that every cell has identical DNA molecules; Occurs during Synthesis of Interphase
Translation
mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and in interpreted into amino acids
Genetics
Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent
Dihybrid Cross
examines the inheritance of two different traits
Cell Cycle
Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes
Codon
Sequence of 3 bade pairs on a strand of DNA or mRNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, contains the anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA
Alleles
different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')
Inbreeding
crossing individuals who are closely related
Mitosis
Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells
Mutagen
A physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation
Daughter Cells
Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other
Cloning
Making an identical copy of a gene or organism
Genome
All genetic material in an organism
Law of Dominance
Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during meiosis and unite in fertilization
Homozygous
When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)
Sex-Linked Trait
Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)
Anticodon
3 base complement to the codon on the tRNA
Gamete
Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)
RNA
Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar
Mutation
an alteration of an organism's DNA caused by a malfunction during meiosis or from exposure to a mutagen
Mendel
Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance
Section 3
(50 cards)
Carnivore
Eat primarily consumers (meat)
Trophic Level
Different levels displaying the order of a food chain
Niche
Role of an organism in its environment, including the food they eat, how they obtain the Food, and how it interacts
Selective Breeding
Artificially breeding for a desired trait
Sexual Reproduction
Involves two parents through fertilization resulting in genetically different offspring that increases on organism's chance of survival
Ecosystem
Community, all organisms in a given area and abiotic factors that annoy them
Gene Pool
All the genes, including different alleles, of all individuals in a population
Predation
Interaction where predator eats prey (stabilizes population)
Divergent Evolution
Different species diverge from a common ancestor; related species become more and more dissimilar
Speciation
The process of forming a new species by biological evolution from preexisting species
Herbivore
Eat green plants
Embryology
The study embryonic development of organisms
Hybridization
Breeding two strong traits to result in a mixture between the two (Ex. Mule)
Genetic Drift
Random change in frequency of alleles of a population overtime
Tertiary Consumer
Carnivores and Omnivores (4th level)
Punctuated Evolution
Periods of abrupt changes in a species after a long period of time
Vestigial Structure
Structures with little or no function to the organism (Ex. the human appendix)
Producers
Green plants and autotrophs, capture the sun's energy (1st level)
Phylogenetic Trees
Scientific diagrams that represent the phylogeny of organisms (a.k.a. cladograms). Classifies into major groups (taxa) by physical characteristics, in order from which they descended from an ancestor
Gradualism
Gradual changes of a species over long periods of time
Natural Selection
Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed on
Greenhouse Effect
Normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the environment
Omnivore
Eat both primary consumers and producers
Primary Consumer
Heterotrophs, herbivores (2nd level)
Mutualism
(+,+) Both organism benefit
Symbiosis
Two different species live together in direct contact
Food Chain
Simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem
Carrying Capacity
Maximum population size that can be supported by the resources available
Competition
when 2+ organisms need the same resource at a time
Anatomy
The study of the structures of organisms
Nonrenewable Resources
Cannot be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Biotic
Living factors in an environment
Coevolution
Two or more species living close together change in response to one another (the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another)
Extinction
Elimination of a species when they can no longer adapt to the changing environment (can be gradual or rapid)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
No change of allele frequencies within a species
Species
Group of organisms that share similar characteristics, interbreed, and make fertile offspring
Renewable Resources
Can be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Gene Therapy
Scientist enter a normal gene into an absent or abnormal one
Asexual Reproduction
Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability
Gene Flow
The movement of genes into or out of a population overtime
Population Density
Number of individual organisms living in a defined space
Abiotic
Non-living factors in an environment
Acid Rain
A result of industrial pollution, caused by the burning of fossil fuels
Convergent Evolution
Different species in the same environment that are similar in looks/behavior evolving together
Analogous Structures
Similar in appearance and function but have different evolutionary origins
Homologous Structures
Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry
Conditions for Genetic Equalibrium
1) Large population with no genetic drift 2) No movement in/out of population 3) Random Mating 4) No mutations within the gene pool 5) No Natural Selection
Phylogeny
The study of how closely related something is
Secondary Consumer
Carnivores and Omnivores (3rd level)
Food Web
Many interconnected food chains (describes various energy paths)
Section 4
(12 cards)