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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Vocabulary)

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Section 1

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Telomeres

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Mar 14, 2020

Cards (33)

Section 1

(33 cards)

Telomeres

Front

The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organisms genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.

Back

Antiparallel

Front

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions).

Back

Lagging Strand

Front

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5′ → 3′ direction away from the replication fork.

Back

Telomerase

Front

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells

Back

Okazaki Fragments

Front

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

Back

Origins of Replication

Front

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Back

Word Roots: trans-

Front

across (transformation: a phenomenon in which external DNA is assimilated by a cell)

Back

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Front

A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.

Back

Concept 16.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair

Front

...

Back

Primer

Front

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

Back

Nuclease

Front

An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides

Back

Primase

Front

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parenta DNA strand as a template.

Back

Concept 16.3: A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins

Front

...

Back

MisMatch Repair

Front

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.

Back

Word Roots: telos-

Front

= an end (telomere: the protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome)

Back

Replication Fork

Front

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.

Back

Word Roots: liga-

Front

= bound or tied (DNA ligase: a linking enzyme for DNA replication)

Back

Double helix

Front

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

Back

Word Roots: helic-

Front

= a spiral (helicase: an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks)

Back

DNA Polymerase

Front

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are severl different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli.

Back

Virus

Front

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.

Back

Bacteriophages

Front

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

Back

Leading Strand

Front

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5′ → 3′ direction.

Back

Euchromatin

Front

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.

Back

Helicases

Front

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.

Back

Semiconservative Model

Front

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.

Back

Word Roots: semi-

Front

= half (semiconservative model: type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand)

Back

Word Roots: -phage

Front

= to eat (bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria)

Back

Heterochromatin

Front

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.

Back

Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material

Front

...

Back

Topoisomerase

Front

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.

Back

Single-Strand binding proteins

Front

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.

Back

Transformation

Front

(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

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