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AP Human Geography Unit 2

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Section 1

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Census

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Geography

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (98)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Census

Front

A complete count of of a population

Back

Dependency Ratio

Front

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers

Back

age structure diagram

Front

a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females

Back

Ecumene

Front

The areas of earth occupied by human settlement

Back

carrying capacity

Front

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Back

Doubling Time

Front

Number of years needed to double the population

Back

Population Explosion

Front

a sudden large increase in the population size

Back

Medical Revolution

Front

Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries

Back

Anti-Natalist Policies

Front

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Back

cohort

Front

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

Back

Age Distribution

Front

The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimate survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes

Back

Agricultural Density

Front

Number of Farmers divided by the arable land

Back

Sex Ratio

Front

Number of males per 100 females

Back

Arithmetic Population Density

Front

Population of a region divided by total land area.

Back

Physiological Density

Front

Population of a region / arable (farmable) land

Back

Child Mortality Rate

Front

Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births

Back

Population Distribution

Front

Pattern of where people live- how people are spread out

Back

Developing Country

Front

A country making some progress toward development

Back

Natalism

Front

also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a belief that promotes reproduction of sentient life. Natalism promotes child-bearing and parenthood as desirable for social reasons and to ensure the continuance of humanity

Back

Epidimiology

Front

Branch of medical science concerning diseases

Back

Life Expectancy

Front

Average number of years an infant can expect to live

Back

Thomas Malthus

Front

An English economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's population increase was far outrunning the development of food production

Back

Natural Increase Rate

Front

Percent a population grows in a year

Back

More Developed Countries

Front

industrialized country. Stage 4/5

Back

Population Pyramids

Front

Country's distinctive population showed on a bar graph- males on left

Back

Total Fertility Rate

Front

Average number of children a woman will have during her 'birthing' years

Back

Stationary Population Level

Front

Level at which national population ceases to grow

Back

Pro-Natalist Policies

Front

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Back

Baby Boom

Front

Temporary marked increase in the birth rate

Back

malnutrition

Front

a state of poor nutrition

Back

Chronic Diseases

Front

A long-lasting Disease that can't generally be prevented

Back

non-ecumene

Front

An area of Earth that does not have permanent human settlements

Back

Developed Country

Front

A country that has progressed further along in development

Back

Maternal Mortality Rate

Front

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

Back

Crude Death Rate

Front

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society

Back

Replacement level fertility

Front

The number of children that a woman/couple must have in order to replace the number of people in the population who die

Back

mortality rate

Front

AKA death rate or crude death rate, the ratio of the number of deaths during one year to the total population, expressed as the number of deaths oer year per 1000.

Back

Less Developed Countries (LDC)

Front

Non-industrialized/poor countries. Stage two, early three

Back

food security

Front

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

Back

AIDS

Front

Disease where there is severe loss of cellular immunity

Back

Arable Land

Front

Land suitable for farming/agriculture

Back

Industrial Revolution

Front

Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market

Back

One Child Policy

Front

1979 act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside. Established by the Chinese government to slow population growth in China.

Back

Infant Mortality Rates

Front

Annual number of deaths of infants(one and under) compared to the number of live births

Back

Malthusian Theory

Front

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Back

Neo-Malthusians

Front

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

Back

Contraception

Front

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Back

Population Density

Front

Measurement of population per area or unit

Back

Crude Birth Rate

Front

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society

Back

Overpopulation

Front

a judgement that the resources of an area are insufficient to sustain adequately its present population.

Back

Section 2

(48 cards)

Stage 1 ETM

Front

Pestilence and Famine (high CDR) -infectious and parasitic diseases, accidents and attacks by animals and humans, and other natural causes are principal reasons for human death -ex. the Black Plague

Back

Malthus's Critics

Front

Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding and some critics disagree with Malthus's theory thinking that a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore, the production of more food.

Back

Intaregional Migration

Front

Movement within a region

Back

Explosionists

Front

Population theorists who believe that the world will continue to see rapid population growth for decades to come.

Back

Stage 3 ETM

Front

Degenerative/Chronic Diseases (moderately declining CDR) -a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders (e.g. cardiovascular diseases) associated with aging

Back

Consequences of migration

Front

Demographic Consequences -Occurs when migrants change the basic structure of a population Economic Consequences -Increase in cost and building of health care, education, public services, and housing -Lost tax revenue from illegal migrants. Social Consequences -Better cultural understanding. -Conflict among groups

Back

Net in-migration

Front

When the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and the net migration is positive

Back

Repatriation

Front

A process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands once violence and persecution subside

Back

Gravity Model

Front

Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.

Back

17th and 18th Centuries

Front

U.S. Immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa

Back

Implosionists

Front

Population theorists who believe that declining fertility rates indicate that the earth has turned the corner on population growth.

Back

2 indicators of health

Front

1. infant mortality rate (IMR) 2. life expectancy

Back

Pandemic

Front

A disease that prevails globaly and affects a very high proportion of the population

Back

Interregional Migration

Front

Movement from one region to another

Back

Net migration

Front

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Back

Declining Birth Rates

Front

Education and Health care and Contraceptives have been useful methods

Back

Reasons for migration

Front

Economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort.

Back

Stage 4 MTM

Front

Same as Stage 3: high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

Back

Stage 5 DTM

Front

A Modern Industrialized Country with a very low CBR, an increasing CDR, and a negative NIR

Back

Zero Population Growth

Front

When the CBR and the CDR are equal and the NIR approaches zero

Back

Demographic Transition Model

Front

A model that demonstrates the shift in population growth throughout time

Back

Stage 3 MTM

Front

High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Back

Asylum seeker

Front

Someone who says he or she is a refugee, but whose claim has not yet been definitively evaluated.

Back

Refugee

Front

Refugee: "a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion."

Back

Late 20th to Early 21st Century

Front

U.S. Immigration from Asia and Latin america

Back

Epidemiology

Front

The branch of medical sciencee concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases

Back

Stage 2 DTM

Front

High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase.

Back

Stage 1 MTM

Front

High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Back

Net-out-migration

Front

If the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants and the net migration is negative

Back

3 reasons for stage 5 of the ETM

Front

1. Evolution-infectious diseases have evolved and developed resistance to drugs 2. Poverty-infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of unsanitary conditions 3. Increased Connections-more contact with people through relocation diffusion, lead to a greater spreading of the disease

Back

Stage 4 ETM

Front

Delayed Degenerative Diseases (low but increasing CDR) -The major degenerative causes of death - Cardiovascular diseases and Cancers- linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances

Back

Migrant Workers

Front

These immigrants serve a useful role in Europe, taking low-status and low skill jobs that local residents won't accept

Back

Stage 4 DTM

Front

Low Growth: A Modern Industrialized Country with a low CBR, low CDR, and virtually no NIR

Back

Ravenstien's Laws

Front

-Most migrants travel only a short distance -The number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases. -Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose major cities -Every migration flow generates a return or counter flow. -Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. -Men migrate long-distances. -Women migrate shorter distances but more often than men.

Back

Stage 2 ETM

Front

Receding Pandemics (rapidly declining CDR) -results from overcrowding -ex. cholera outbreak

Back

Migration Transition

Front

Change in migration patterns in a society caused by industrialisation, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Back

Demography

Front

The scientific study of population characteristics

Back

Stage 3 DTM

Front

Decreasing growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that declined significantly, a CDR that continues to decline, and a NIR that begins to moderate.

Back

Epidemic

Front

A disease that spreads over a large region

Back

Stage 2 MTM

Front

High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Back

Over-Population

Front

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Back

Periodic movement

Front

Time away from the home base; don't necessarily return to the same place.

Back

Stage 1 DTM

Front

Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a Zero NIR

Back

Mobility

Front

A general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

Back

Stage 5 ETM

Front

Reemergence of infectious diseases -Infectious diseases thought to have been eradicated or controlled return and new ones emerge -Evolution, Poverty, and increased connections

Back

Population Concentration

Front

An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Back

Mid-Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century

Front

U.S. Immigration from Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, and Southern and Eastern Europe

Back

Cyclical movement

Front

A regular journey that begins at a home base and returns to the exact same place.

Back

Epidemiologic transition model

Front

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Back