EPPP

The five stages of brain development

proliferation, migration, differentiation, mylineation, synaptogenesis

Deep dyslexia 

coat for jacket

replace words with similar meaning

When should a researcher most likely decide to use an ANCOVA

Only when there is an unanticipated extraneous variable 

ANCOVA: co-varying out an extraneous variable, a variable that correlates with the outcome measure. 

Phenomenolistic Causality 

things happened together cause one another

considerable sensory integration 

reduced plasticity 

smoother accurate motor sequencing 

occurs at what age?

7/8 years old

6/7

Moratorium in Identity dev.

struggle

exploring

no commitment yet

Social inhibition

Task performance is compromised by the Presence of others

Haley Strategic Family Therapy

Combine Minuchin Structural with communication 

Pathology results from malfunctioning hierarchy

goal: resolving current problem only by establish clear boundaries/hierarchy

technique: paradoxical intervention

Quetiapine

Seroquel, Atypical antipsychotic, DA, 5-HT antagnist 

Idiosyncrasy credit

Conform to group norm first then deviate; group is more likely to allow

Side effect of antipsychotic drugs

anticholinergic effect - blurred vision, dry eye, dry mouth, urine retention, constipation, confusion

extrapyramidal symptoms - dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia

neuroleptic malignant syndrome - muscle rigidity, altered consciousness, fever

metabolic effects - weight gain

agranulocytosis - low white blood cell count

Respondent Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Groupthink

psychological phenomenon that occurs with a group of people who desire high consensus, cohesiveness, unanimity, 

Risky shift

Tendency for people making more risky decision when in group

Differentiation

ability to function as true self in the face of familial or other pressure

Alzheimer’s symptoms in later stages

confusion, behavioral change, change in judgment

inoculation of persuasion

given mild argument against a belief then practice refuting the argument 

Anaclytic Depression 

lack of maternal attention during 6-8 months of age: weepiness, withdrawal, insomnia 

reaction formation

behave opposite of ones true impulses; being overly caring to mask aggression 

Children of divorce

age difference

gender difference

recovery time

Younger children - 

more anxious, unrealistic expectations of what caused it

adapt more quickly, fewer bad memories

3-6 yo feel responsible; young girls adjust better than boys

7-12 yo feel they could have prevented but also feel hurt and critical of parents; academic drop; teen girls more vulnerable and if mother remarries. Stepmother-daughter most difficult relationship. 

Recovery 3-5 years; 2/3 adjust well, 1/3 lasting trauma

Fastest brain development is at what age, what %

birth -25%

2 years - 75%

5 yo - 90%

% of adult size

Phonological dyslexia

cannot read non-words

Detouring

when parent expresses their dissatisfaction or concerns through one child. 

e.g., insecurity about finances - "Your extra curricular is so expensive." 

Minuchin Structural

Response polarization

When in group people tend to become love extreme in their views

Cross-tolerance

tolerance to one drug (e.g., benzodiazepines) also experience increased tolerance to another substance (e.g., alcohol).

multigenerational transmission process

Bowen: emotional dysfunctions in an individual result from emotional processes that have lasted in the family over multiple generations

Critical factor in deindividualization

Anonymity

Atypical Antipsychotics

2nd gen

fewer extrapyramidal symptoms

Minuchin Structural Family Therapy

• Pathology: unclear boundaries, and hierarchy of power that is not working
• Goal: restructuring structure
• therapist also "joins" the family 
• enactment, structural mapping
• hierarchy of power, subsystem, pattern of interactions, boundaries (roles, rules)

sexual dimorphism 

systematic differences between individuals of different sex 

Health Belief Model

Beliefs about health influence health behaviors

perception of health and vulnerabilities and beliefs about illness influence health behavior 

prosopagnosia

cant recognize faces (whole face, but can recognize parts)

Finger agnosia

Can't recognize one's own finguer

Centration

tendency to focus on one aspect; a mother is a mother and a daughter

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

speakers of different languages think differently; language influences how we think 

The withdrawal of what substance can lead to death? 

Alcohol and Sedatives, Anxiolytics (BZs); can also trigger autonomic hyperactivity, seizures

Who originated genogram?

Bowen

DEPENDENCE/WITHDRAWAL/OVERDOSE of antidepressants

no dependence

abrupt discontinuation can lead to withdrawal symptoms

TCAs and MAOIs are highly lethal in cases of medication overdose, especially when combined with alcohol.

reciprocity hypothesis 

ppl tend to like others who like them 

Disjunctive task

Outcome is affected by the most effective member

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA, DA

relating to what functions and disorders?

Acetylcholine: voluntary movement, learning, memory (hippocampus) - (low) Alzheimer

Serotonin: mood, appetite, sleep, sex, aggression, pain

Norepinephrine: mood regulation, stress response. 

GABA: inhibiting nervous system activity and regulating anxiety

Dopamine: movement, emotions, reward and pleasure system, also certain types of movement- Parkinson's disease 

MAOIs

- blocks MAO hyroxylase so that it cannot break down serotonin

- Effective in treating atypical depression (up appetite and sleep)

- avoid tyramine rich food: red wine, aged cheese, liver, dry sausage, picked or smoked fish or meat

According to Yalom, who are more likely to drop out from group therapy?

high somatization

high denial

Low motivation

severe pathology, low, SES, low IQ generally unlikable

overjustification hypothesis

extrinsic reward lowers intrinsic motivation (or something that was already intrinsically motivated)

If one is not differentiated, according to Bowen, this person will likely need more....

acceptance and approval from others

Cultural encapsulation

Therapist doesn't recognize cultural variation and only seeThings from his/her perspective

Generalized seizures

affects the whole brain

Always involve lost consciousness

Tonic/clonic (grand mal) - sudden loss of consciousness, follow by tonic (stiffening) and clonic activity (jerking)

absence (petit mal) - 1-30 brief change and conscious level with blinking, rolling eyes, blank stare.

Yalom- factors of effectiveness of group

cohesiveness - effectiveness

school of thoughts, leadership style, confrontation - do not contribute to effectiveness 

Surface dyslexia 

need to sound the word out otherwise cannot recognize word

Identity Diffusion 

lack direction

not seriously considering options/values/goals

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Movement-related side effects of antipsychotics like dystonia and akathisia

Antipsychotics (mechanism and disorders treated)

Mechanism: block DA receptor thus reducing positive symptoms

neurocognitive disorder, delirium, Tourett's, Autism (to decrease oppositional behavior, emotional lability, irritability)

paraplegia

quadriplegia

complete paralysis of the legs

complete paralysis of 4 limbs

thinning

reduce the number of times reinforcer is offered (from continuous to intermittent)

L-Dopa

Levodopa

what is it

precursor to DA

partial seizure

Affect only part of the brain

simple - one of the lobes - Jacksonian, frontal lobe

Complex - impairment of consciousness, automatism (involuntary movement) lip, smacking, repeat nonsense phrase) - temporal lobe epilepsy

Name one sexual dimorphism 

females have denser corpus collosum

Instrumental Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

How to determine the expected frequency in each cell in a Chi Square?

1. calculate the total number of cells - multiply the number of rows and columns (4 x 2 = 8). 

2. divide the total number in the sample by the number of cells (120/8 = 15)

Lithium side effect

confusion, irregular heartbeat, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight gain, tremors

Stable coalition 

when one parent sides with one child against another parent

e.g., Mrs. Collins feels Mr. Collins is too strict with Liam. So she takes sides with Liam.

Minuchin Structural 

Rosenthal Effect

students perform better when teacher has high expectation

Skinnerian Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

cooperative learning classes help to ....

improve academic performance of the low-performing students but may or may not help with the high-performing students

reduce stereotype and cultural biases

Intuitive Thinking

no logic

Personal Fable 

adolescent thinking - special, and rules don't apply to them - use drug w/o negative consequences

Substance withdrawal can occur in all substances except....

Hallucinogen and inhalant 

Information Processing Model of Cognition 

quantitative change

2-year-old can remember 2 digits and 4 year-old 4 digits

Triangulation

Minuchin Structural: when a child is caught between parents' conflict, and may be pressured to take a side

Gender Constancy 

gender does not change with dress or behavior; attained at around 5-6 years old

Social loafing

People don't work as hard when they are part of a group

Thorndike is related to which conditioning?

Operant (aka Skinnerian, Instrumental)

Typical Antipsychotic 

1st gen

extrapyramidal symptoms

Stimulus-Response Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

What is sadder but wiser

depressed person tend to make more realistic appraisal 

Declarative Memory 

long-term mem: Semantic and Episodic 

Pavlov is related to which conditioning?

Classical Conditioning

Watson is related to which conditioning?

Classical Conditioning

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia

primary memory 

passive holding, no manipulation

Social facilitation

Task performance is enhanced by mere presence of others

Foreclosure in Identity dev. 

made a commitment w/o exploration 

e.g., father is a doctor so I become a doc. 

Parkinson's disease is characterized by ....

the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

Self-serving bias 

attributing our own success to internal factors (our effort, ability) and failure to external/situational factors

What does not declines with age

semantic and procedural mem; 

verbal (not naming, speech comprehension and fluency)

ability to reason and use logic (but not novel problems solving)

Bowen emphasizes....

projection

differentiation of self

multigenerational transmission process

therapist: 

identify patterns and issues that recur across generations

support differentiation

sleeper effect

people remembered the message, but forgot who the communicator was

Conjunctive task

Group performance limited by the least effective member 

Substance intoxication can occur in all substances except....

Tobacco 

BENZODIAZEPINES (BZs)

anxiolytics

up GABA's ability to bind to receptor

Cross-Modal Fluency

ability to imitate facial expression

Satiation

when a reinforcer loses its value through overuse

identity achievement

struggle

exploration

goals and values

commitment (achievement)

What is most critical for healthy adolescent emotional development?

self-acceptance 

A physician would be likely to take the greatest care in prescribing a SSRI, tricyclic antidepressant, MAOI to someone with:

bipolar disorder - potentially trigger a manic episode 

Symptoms of Alzheimer

early: memory problems, apathy, and depression

later: confusion, behavioral change, change in judgment

Phenylketonuria

PKU

phenylalanine from food --> phenylalanine hydroxylase --> tyrosine -->

L-Dopa —> DA 

(tyrosine —> 5-HT)

But in PKU has defective phenylalanine hydroxylase, so can't convert to tyrosine

Phenylalanine level too high, tyrosine (DA, 5-HT) too low 

need to be on a low phenylalanine and low protein diet.