Section 1
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What was life before the Agricultural Revolution and after the Agricultural Revolution?
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (129)
Section 1
(50 cards)
What was life before the Agricultural Revolution and after the Agricultural Revolution?
Before: nomadism, small trade, hunter-gathers After: settled down, big civilizations, farming, and harvesting
Chavin
Stable; long-lasting gov. , Top - gods, Below - Shamans, rulers , Many signs of warfare, politically organized, arable land was limited , No rainfall - catching fish , Geographically challenged , Made art , Pre colombian era , Appreciation of hawks, snakes, and eagles , Trade routes through the Andes, llama values for fur and milk, big agriculture industry
Civilization
The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.
Characteristics of civilization ? What are the disadvantages and advantages of life in cities?
Characteristics: government and defense system, religious system, culture, new technology. Advantages: everything is available Disadvantages: sickness
City-state
A state consisting of a city with its own dependencies, built around a polis
Artifacts
Any object made by human beings, especially with a view to subsequent use.
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies.
Akkadians
1st empire, adopted Sumerian culture, invaded
Babylonians
A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". Lasted 592 yrs.
Cultural Diffusion
The spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point.
Chaldeans
People who helped to destroy the Assyrian empire. Built hanging gardens of Babylon, destroyed 1st Jewish temple, resettled Jews to Babylon (diaspora) Invaded by the Persians
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Sedentary
Remaining in one place
How did historians learn about the time before writing?
Through artifacts, by using artifacts we can replicate and infer how people used to live.
Agricultural Revolution
Increase in agricultural production in Britain
Neanderthal
Powerful, physically robust humans that inhabited Europe and Western/Central Asia
Cro Magnon
Paleolithic population of humans, regarded as the prototype of a modern homosapien
Fertile Crescent
A region around the Euphrates and Tigris river
Hominids
Modern man and extinct persecutions of man
Sumerians
The creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization. 1st early civilization in Bronze Age
How did humans progress from hunter-gathered to large civilizations?
They started to domesticate animals and plants, developed farming and harvesting. Writing led to leaders documenting information. Sedentary led to people settling down after the development of farming.
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Archaeologist
A scientist who examines objects to learn about the human past (artifacts)
Cuneiform
Wedge-shaped picture writing on clay
Pastoral Nomad
People who depend on domesticated livestock
Hammurabi
Famous code laws "eye for an eye" , Ruler of Babylonia
Judaism
Judaism: founded by Abraham - Sumerian, Torah (Jewish Bible), 10 Commandments (ethical), King-Solomon built 1st temple
Anthropologist
A scientist who studies human development (bones) and culture
Zoroastrianism
Louder: Zoroaster , Monotheistic - their god is "Ahura Mazda" , Ethical, Universal struggle - good and evil, Final judgment - rewarded/punished for behavior
Hittites
The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire. Made war chariots and had the first use of iron
Bering Strait
Land bridge connecting the Bering Strait and Russia
Animism
Nature gods
What was the impact of geography on civilizations?
Disadvantages: flooding could wash away crops , However the flooding was irrigation for crops and soil
Neolithic Stone Age
Last phase of Stone Age, marked by domestication, development of agriculture, etc.
Zhou Dynasty
Shi - best educated in the empire Ruled by kings, middle: nobles, lower: farmers and slaves , Longest lived dynasty , They had scribes, desks, advisers, and overseers , There was East Zhou and West Zhou, hot and dry weather , Believed in Confucianism, pictographs, oracle bones, and advanced literature ,Tax rolls, kept records, listed their imports and exports
Domestication
The taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
Paleolithic Age
Stone implements were used (Stone Age)
Olmec
Complex society - "rubber people" , Farmers , Authoritarian and hierarchical, priests, artisans - created carvings, merchants , Kingship combined religious and non religious responsibilities, Downfall unknown, Domesticated turkeys and dogs , Made drainage systems , Farmers cultivated beans, peppers, avocados, squash, etc. , Made giant sculptures of rulers - 11ft , Made number system and calendar
Ruled by priests
Trade between South Asia, Egypt, and China
Indus Valley Civilization
Capitals: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, located on left side of India. Good sewage systems, running canals, large granaries, domesticated animals, made toilets out of stone
Sumer
A region in Mesopotamia that contained many city-states
Hierarchy
A system of persons of things ranked one above another
Shang Dynasty
700 yrs Made helpful objects-bronze weapons, Leaders-warrior, Kings - supreme peacemaker, Fought on horseback, but conquered by the Zhou Dynasty, Had their own culture, believed in afterlife, burying people, and animals , Made hoe and 4 pronged hoe - turn over soil, Raised silkworms and mulberry trees , Made palaces and political centers
Name 5 WH themes and an example
Social - What are the social groups? Political - Who is in charge? Interaction of Humans and Environment - Location and characteristic of location? Culture - Language, customs, food? Economics - How do people get what they need?
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Lydians
First people to come up with a coin system to conduct trade
Assyrians
First great military - military leaders, organized, terror, calvary They would put their enemies on sticks in the town they seized.
Phoenicians
Located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds; sailors and traders
Nomad
A person/member of a tribe that doesn't have a permanent home and moves around from place to place.
Hunter-Gatherer
A member of a nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting, fishing, etc.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering , 2. Suffering is caused by desire , 3. Reject desire or achieve perfect peace, 4. Follow 8 fold path to Nirvana (perfect peace)
Torah
The entire body of Jewish religion, law, etc
Yin-yang
Two principles, one negative and feminine (yin), one positive and masculine (yang)
Han
Founder: Liu Bang , Lasted 400 yrs and ruled a big area, Had huge influence , Liu Ch'e - longest lasting leader , Civil Service System - produced well trained gov, workers to help the emperor Used leveling - control balance money of farm shortages and surpluses , Paper was invented
Hieroglyphics
Incomprehensible symbols or writing used by Egyptians
Mauryan Empire
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya , Unified and controlled trade; built huge palace - Pataliputra , Army of 600,000 soldiers with chariots and war elephants , Mauryan leader - Asoka; grandson , Fought bloody battle @ Kalinga, sickened by bloodshed and converted to Buddhism , Wrote and displayed "Edicts of Asoka" , Asoka dies - empire falls
Reincarnation
Cycles of birth, death, and rebirth
Persian Wars
A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious., Battle of Thermopyle: Spartans helped Athenians, but it was still a Persian victory, Xerxes burned Athens , Battle of Salamis: Defeat for Persians, Greeks win the war, Peloponnesian Wars - (Athens v Sparta) Sparta wins overall after they made a navy with the Persians, but they grow weak. After Alexander the Great, the Persian Empire falls
, Beliefs: reincarnation, no gods, temples, teachings of Buddha
Qin
Founder: Cheng "first emperor" , Only lasted 15 yrs but made huge impact on China, Capital: Xi'an; autocracy , Cheng hated scholars. He executed them, His people built 1,500 mi of the Great Wall, which was forced labor and led to a revolt. , Liu Bang took over
Phoenician Alphabet
Oldest verified alphabet made by Phoenicians
Indian Ocean Trade
Connected Europe, Africa, and China - lots of different people, religions, languages , Traded food, weapons, clothes, perfume
Sparta
Had equals, half-citizens, and helots, Military training, Girls educated to be strong and produce strong kids, Boys educated exclusively for military , Isolated city-state and far from the sea - limited trade , Assemblies - male citizens over 30 - didn't have that much power
Athens
Had citizens, metics, and slaves, Close to the sea - extensive trade , Girls educated for domestic duties, Boys educated for mind and body , Assemblies - male citizens over 18 - voted and debated laws
Persian Empire
Strong military , Good leaders - Cyrus II, Darius, and Xerxes, Cyrus II made rapid expansion ,Located in Iran , Invaded by Greece
Vedas
The entire body of hindu sacred teachings; four books
Legalism
Concerned with politics, believed in power and harsh laws, peace and prosperity can only happen with harsh punishments , Cheng (founder of Qin) believed in legalism - strong empire but didn't last long bc of this
Mediterranean Sea Trade
Center of communication and trade, Lots of people from Greece, Italy, N. Africa, Britain , Traded side, silk, clothes
Sub-Saharan Trade
Mainly traded gold, Located under Trans-Saharan Trade
Pharaoh
A ruler of ancient Egypt
Hinduism
No specific founder , Origin - India Believed in atman, reincarnation, dharma and karma to move up in the caste system, nirvana, monism - unity of god (Brahma) and creation
Silk Road
Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.
Silk Road
Trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea. China got gold, silver, wool, and population grew. Traded silk, jade, and more
Indian Ocean Trade System
Connected SE Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, Traded silk, porcelain, ivory, and religious thought
Maya
Calculated solar year and made calendar, Painted murals, constructed steles, built pyramids, and built archways with 9 layers to represent the 9 underworlds , Used hieroglyphs , Many dialects of their language
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia, Died on June 10th, died to malaria, End of Persian empire - spread Greek culture and created Hellenistic Kingdoms
Nirvana
To break the cycles of reincarnation and become one with god (Brahma); peace
Trans-Saharan Trade
Traded mainly gold and salt, Africans and nomads traded there, Religion - Islam
Emperor
The male supreme ruler of an empire
Sanskrit
An ancient indic language of India-Hindu scriptures
Hellenistic Kingdoms
Four kingdoms created after Alexander's death: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, Egypt
Traded hemp
Roman Kingdom, Republic, Empire
The kingdom was overthrown and replaces with republic, where voters elected officials to run the state, Republic - senate (controlled money and policy), magistrates, assemblies, created Checks and Balances , After problems with the republic, there was new leadership - triumvirates and then led to an empire with an emperor
Dharma and Karma
dharma: moral duty in life , karma: consequences Used to move up in the Caste System
Autocracy
Government in which one person has unlimited authority over others
Greco
Roman Mythology/Philosophy, The belief in many gods and goddesses - myths , Study of the nature of truth, knowledge, and moral values , The olympic games was a way to please the gods
Gupta Empire
Founded by Chandra Gupta I , Not as big as Mauryan Empire , Favored Hinduism - dominant , Invaded from the north; exhausted the treasury
Dynasty
A line of hereditary rulers of a country.
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Christianity
founded by Jesus; monotheistic; Bible was sacred text; followed 10 Commandments; worshipped in church; two types: Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, Romans disliked it then adopted it
Sanskrit
The most important language of ancient India
Confucianism,
Three concepts: family, respect for elders, reverence for ancestors Founded by Confucius who was concerned with political and social unrest and how moral could save these; he aimed for strong leaders, Mencius - strong supporter and said people had the right to rebel against weak leaders
Civil Service System
Method of appointing government employees
Empire
An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority (emperor/empress)
Raja
Prince, military leader, lawmaker, judge
Daoism
Founder: Laozi , People should withdraw from the world and contemplate nature; not strive for material wealth, not to seek power and bring themselves to harmony, Appealed to peasants, poets, artists, etc
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama - encountered disease, old age, death - suffering? he left to find out and fasted then ate and drank - nothing worked until he became the Buddha after meditation under a tree. , Rejects hinduism and caste system , Believes in the Four Noble Truths
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
Republic
A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
Caste System
Used in Hinduism , Hereditary social distinctions based on castes
Section 3
(29 cards)