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AP Biology Chapter 21

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Section 1

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Gene Flow

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (26)

Section 1

(26 cards)

Gene Flow

Front

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

Back

Natural Selection

Front

Only mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptation to environment.

Back

p^2

Front

Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.

Back

p

Front

Frequency of dominant allele.

Back

Genotype Frequency Equation

Front

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Back

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

Front

Used to calculate allele frequencies to determine if evolution is occuring.

Back

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Front

Large population size, no gene flow (immigration/ emigration), no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection.

Back

Bottleneck

Front

Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions; typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

Back

Allele Frequency Equation

Front

p + q = 1

Back

Genetic Drift

Front

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next; effects are most pronounced in small populations.

Back

Factors that Lead to a Change in Allele Frequency

Front

Small population size (genetic drift), bottleneck, founder effect.

Back

Sexual Selection

Front

Adaptive changes that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate.

Back

Stabilizing Selection

Front

Instead of favoring individuals with extreme phenotypes, it favors the intermediate variants. It reduces phenotypic variation and maintains the status quo.

Back

Microevolution.

Front

Evolutionary change within allele frequencies in species.

Back

Founder Effect

Front

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

Back

Neutral Variation

Front

Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage.

Back

Directional Selection

Front

A mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.

Back

Balanced Polymorphism

Front

Natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypes in a population (heterozygote advantage).

Back

Disruptive Selection

Front

Describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups.

Back

q

Front

Frequency of recessive allele.

Back

Diploidy

Front

Unfavorable recessive alleles can "hide" in the population as heterozygotes. Only expressed when two heterozygotes have offspring.

Back

Macroevolution

Front

Evolutionary change above species level.

Back

q^2

Front

Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.

Back

Sexual Dimorphism

Front

A difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species (size, color, ornamentation, behavior).

Back

2pq

Front

Frequency of heterozygote individuals.

Back

Genetic Variation

Front

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences.

Back