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Prep Scholar SAT Grammar

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Section 1

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parallel construction

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SAT Prep

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (40)

Section 1

(40 cards)

parallel construction

Front

successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea Error: the workshop had a whiteboard on one wall, a set of shelves against another wall, and a third wall had man drawers for tools Fix: the workshop had a whiteboard on one wall, a set of shelves against another wall, and many drawers for tools along a third wall

Back

Using colons

Front

1. Indicate that a list is coming up, and that after the list the sentence will end Ex: here is my list of pets: dog,cat,fish. 2. Used to indicate an explanation, a definition, or an example of what has just been said is coming; Ex: my search for the perfect pet came down to man's best friend: a dog.

Back

Subject and object pronoun list

Front

Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

Back

That vs who

Front

- who is the pronoun for a person - that is for everything else

Back

How to fix run on sentence examples

Front

error: the dog Mary wants to put in the dog show is a beagle, it is a medium-sized member of the hound family fix: add which after the comma Error: the deli had no milk left after a rush of morning customers, the owner rushed to order more Fix: add because at the beginning Error: air plants like the Tillandsia species are tolerant of a wide range of climates, they thrive in room temperatures Fix: replace the comma with a semicolon

Back

Verb tense

Front

- keep verbs in the same time period Error: even though office hours had been over for some time, the professor and her students are continuing their productive work on the research project Fix: even though office hours have been over for some time, the professor and her students are continuing their productive work on the research project - if a sentence shifts in chronological time, verb tenses should shift to account for the change Error: if the pace of technological advancements continues, in the future we ride self-driving cars Fix: if the pace of technological advances continues, in the future we will ride self-driving cars

Back

Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement

Front

- same person throughout the sentence - plural nouns are matched with plural nouns Error: if a person wants to succeed in corporate life, you have to know the rules of the game Fix: if a person wants to succeed in corporate life, she has to know the rules of the game

Back

Formatting lists

Front

- separated with a comma before the and or or that precedes the last list item - if one of list items has a comma within it, then all the items should be deprecated with semicolons

Back

sentence fragment

Front

a sentence missing a subject or verb or complete thought basically it's not an independent clause To fix either connect the fragment to an independent clause or add the missing subject or verb

Back

Who vs whom

Front

- who is used when the pronoun is the subject doing the action - whom is used the pronoun is the object of the action - one trick is to replace The Who or whom with I or me to see wether you need the subject or object form Error: the essay points out that reduction in taxes only benefits those people whom understand the tax code Fix: the essay points out that the reduction in taxes only benefits those people who understand the tax code Using the trick- me understand the tax code doesn't work

Back

nonrestrictive modifier

Front

- if you can easily take out the modifier without losing the sentences meaning - should be surrounded by commas - comma after if the modifier is at the beginning - comma before a modifier that ends a sentence - surround it with commas if it's in the middle

Back

misplaced modifiers

Front

- a descriptive phrase that's not close enough to the thing it's supposed to be describing, making it sound likes it's referring to the wrong thing. To fix it nice the modifier closer to the noun it describes. Error: the jacket was too small on the sales rack Fix: the jacket on the sales rack was too small The error is a misplaced modifier because it makes it seem like the sales rack is too small when In reality the jacket is too small.

Back

Run-on sentences

Front

Multiple independent clauses joined by a comma - if one independent clause is the definition or explanation of the other, add a word such as because of which to the beginning of the explanation - if neither independent clause defines or explains the other, combine them with either a comma + conjunction (such as or but) or a semi colon. - split them up into two separate sentences

Back

Such as

Front

Introduces a series of examples to back up a point that's just been made. Put a comma before such as, and then no comma before the first list or example

Back

Independent clause

Front

Can function as a complete sentence because it has a subject verb-pair and does not start with a word or phrase that makes the clause dependent, such as when or because

Back

Contradiction or Digression adverbs

Front

Conjunctions used to describe a negative or opposing relationship between events. Explain that something happened despite something else. They indicate that the argument is shifting to another point However: introduces a statement/idea that contradicts what has just been said One the one/other hand: presents two ideas that opposed each other But: despite what has just been said, here is information to the contrary Nevertheless: in spite of what has just been said Aside from: the example that follows is an exception to what is being discussed While/Whereas: in contrast of comparison with the fact that

Back

subject verb agreement

Front

- The noun and verb have the same number - collective nouns are singular example: the crowd of people laughs Error: the is a beaker and three pipettes on the top shelf of the cupboard fix: there are a beaker and three pipettes on the top shelf of the cupboard

Back

Look at answers that

Front

Say the same thing for example words such as however/nevertheless are reversals so if they appear together, eliminate them both.

Back

Combining simple sentences - is there a chronological sequence that the two sentences are describing?

Front

- Make one sentence into a dependent clause of the other one by using a preposition such as before, after, or following Error: young musicians are encouraged to perfect their techniques and skills through their conservatory training. After this, they can start their careers in small, local orchestras. Fix: after perfecting their techniques and skills through their conservator training, young musicians can start their new careers in small, local orchestras.

Back

If there is a pronoun, it should be obvious what noun the pronoun is referring back too. - if it's unclear which noun a pronoun is referring to or if a pronoun has no antecedent, the sentence needs to be rewritten in two ways; either the pronoun can be replaced with a noun or the phrase can be simplified Error: the files arranged by the temporary workers were out of order, so management sent them back to the office Fix: the files arranged by the temporary workers were out of order, so management sent the files back to the office

Front

Back

Restrictive modifier

Front

- the sentence needs the modifier in order to make sense - doesn't get surrounded by commas

Back

Similarity and Emphasis adverbs

Front

- Conjunctive adverbs connects things that are equal or similar Moreover: as an additional - potentially more convincing or important - matter Just as: in comparison to; similar to Likewise: in the same way; also Not only, but also: presents two ideas that support and emphasize each other

Back

Combining simple sentences - does one define the other

Front

- combine them by inserting whatever is being defined into the defining sentence Error: the conclusion scientists came to is the idea that instead of being up of particles, matter is actually made out of one-dimensional objects called strings. This is strong theory. Fix: the conclusion scientists came to is strong theory, the idea that instead of being made up of particles, matter is actually made out of one dimensional objects called strings

Back

indefinite pronoun

Front

points out person, places, or things, but less clearly; - many appear to be referring to multiple things or people but they're actually singular which means they use singular forms of verbs Error: anyone thinking about becoming writers must be excellent readers Fix: anyone thinking about becoming a write must be an excellent reader

Back

Overly wordy phrases

Front

One word is better than many words

Back

Explanation Adverbs

Front

- words that explain how two clauses in a sentence, or how two or more successive sentences, relate to one another Because: what has just been said is true as a consequence of what is about to be said Therefore and hence: it follows from what has just been said For example and for instance: here is evidence that backs up the previous argument Whereby: by which; using the idea/principle/concept just mentions; by means of Consequently: directly following the thing that has just been described

Back

Combining simple sentences - is there a person, place, thing, or concept that both sentences are talking about?

Front

- make one sentence into a dependent clause of the other through the repeated noun Error: the voting rating has not decreased among uneducated citizens. Uneducated voters continue to vote for better schools Fix: the voting rating has not decreased among uneducated voters, who continue to vote for better schools.

Back

Notes from practice test 8

Front

- which can go after a comma if it adds information - that never goes after a comma - who replaces the subject. He threw the ball to bob. Who threw the ball? He threw the ball - whom replaces the object. To whom was the ball thrown to? The ball was thrown to him

Back

Correlative conjunctions

Front

Word pairs that must always be used together in the same order Ex: "not only/but also", "either/or", " neither/nor"

Back

Dependent clause

Front

- must be attached to an independent clause to be a part of a complete sentence

Back

Redundancy

Front

- if a sentence expressed the bit of information twice, it's considered redundant - error: Management was surprised to see a biannual upstick in sales twice a year - fix: management was suprised to see a biannual upstick in sales

Back

dangling modifier

Front

- a descriptive phrase that begins as a sentence, has a comma after it, and has the noun it describes not placed right after the comma - error: coating the sidewalk, we trudged through the heavy snow - fix: we trudged through the heavy snow coating the sidewalk Error was a dangling modifier because it made it seem like "we" were coating the snow

Back

Using dashes

Front

- are like parentheses. They separate out a piece that is explanatory but not crucial. -sometimes this piece is a digressive thought; sometimes is a list of examples - if it's in the middle of a sentence it needs dashes on both sides

Back

Using semicolons ADD EXAMPLE

Front

1. In lists they separate items that have commas 2. Fix run-on sentences by separating two independent clauses with a conjunction

Back

illogical comparison

Front

- you can only compare things that are alike in some way Error: I like Stanley's apples better than Cora Fix: I like Stanley's apples better than Cora's - you can't compare something to all things of that type. Instead, you can only compare that thing to all other things of that type Error: for astronauts, the moon is easier to get to than any other space object Fix: for astronauts, the moon is easier to get to than any other space object

Back

Subject vs Object Pronouns

Front

- subjects do verbs and objects have verbs done to them. In the sentence "A dog chases its tail," dog is the subject noun, chases is the verb that it's doing, and tail is the object noun. - pronounce change form depending on wether they're subjects of objects. - she likes him, woman is the subject so the pronoun is she - he likes her, the woman is the object so the pronoun is her - to figure out wether to use a subject or object pronouns, take out the other noun and try the sentence with just the pronoun Error: me and my parents dinner Fix: my parents and I ate dinner

Back

List of indefinite pronouns

Front

Back

Punctuation modifiers

Front

Phrases that modify or describe a part of a sentence are punctuated differently depending on wether they are essential or nonessential part of the sentence

Back

Plurals and Possessives

Front

- to make a purse noun that doesn't own anything, add s to the end of the singular noun - to make a possessive singular noun, add an apostrophe + s to the end of a singular noun - to make a possessive plural noun, add an apostrophe to the end of the plural noun

Back

Dependent clauses as subject sentences

Front

- sometimes, instead of having a simple noun for a subject, a sentence can use a dependent clause. - treat the clause as a singular noun such as Albert Einstein Error: whoever came up with the idea to put solar panels on rooftops are geniuses Fix. Whoever came up with the idea to put solar panels on rooftops is a genius

Back