Section 1
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strip mining
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (54)
Section 1
(50 cards)
strip mining
the overlaying rock is stripped to get to the coal from the surface. this is cheaper, safer, and yields 3x more coal than underground mining
problem with strip mining
less than 1/2 of the mines have been reclaimed, acid mine drainage
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls foreign oil prices, 12 countries have 72% of the world's oil
Subsidence
the sinking of regions of the Earth's crust to lower elevations, caused by drilling
Carbonization
the composition of plants releasing gases which change the chemical composition of the plants leaving only carbon and hydrogen
places that produce most of US oil
Texas, Louisiana, California, and Alaska
nonrenewable resource
resources that have a limited supply
Peat
dense, compressed plant matter, not a coal
sweet vs sour crude
sweet is easier to refine and worth more
refining oil
heating crude to separate and collect components which are processed ti produce gasoline and heating oil or to make plastic, Styrofoam, jet fuel, lubricants for transportation, and many other products
other solutions to coal use
more coal in this country is coming from the midwest instead of the east because it contains less sulfur, new technologies are being invented to reduce air pollutants from coal, using natural gas is cleaner because it releases 1/2 the CO2 and SO2 of coal
Oil is the...
cleanest burning and highest heat producer of all the fossil fuels, but is the most expensive
Coal has less _____, _______, ______ compared to oil and natural gas
potential energy, cost, efficiency
Bituminous
soft coal
fossil fuels
forms of stored energy that are remains of living things made primarily of carbon and hydrogen through the process of carbonization
close to ___% of US oil is used for transportation
70; US is using ethanol as a gasoline extender or substitute
crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas
liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons formed from organic sediment changed by heat and pressure and forced toward the surface, found around porous course-grain rock such as sandstone or porous limestone and held below the surface by a trap
How is coal transported?
trains of barges, China is the major producer, US is second
coal usage timeline
use decreased during 40s and 50s but has been increasing since the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973
Top consumer of natural gas
US
Examples of renewable resource
solar energy, plants, water, air
anthracite
Hard coal
concerns of fracking
uses a lot of water, chemicals used in the process can get into water sources, release greenhouse gases, methane that is released is more harmful than CO2, have to destroy ecosystem to drill
When did US demand for oil grow rapidly?
after WWII
acid mine drainage
comes from strip mining, when water reacts to mineral in the open mine forming highly acidic water pollution killing aquatic organisms and waterfowl
consumption of oil has been rising since...
1986, 28% of energy in the US
renewable resource
resources that can be replaced as they're used
Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
Requires that mined land be restored to its primary use.
Which countries have most oil?
Venezuela; 18%, Saudi Arabia; 16%
CO2 in coal...
CO2 is released by coal power plants, causes greenhouse gases to be released, greenhouse gases trap heat and are a cause of global warming
coal
decomposed vegetation which is turned into solid brittle rock when it is compressed over a long period of time, most abundant fossil fuel
mining coal...
causes land and water pollution
examples of synthetic fossil fuels
liquid coal; crushed coals mixed with water to make a slurry, oxygen is added under high heat and pressure making a product similar to oil, coal gas; coal is heated with oxygen and steam and then reacted with hydrogen to make methane (natural gas)
first welded pipeline was built in...
1925
Clean Air Act of 1970
forces companies to reduce the emissions of SO2 and NO2 when burning coal
Examples of fossil fuels
coal, oil, natural gas
surface and groundwater are polluted during _____ and _____
runoff, infiltration
How is oil transported?
ships, pipelines, trains, trucks
sulfer in coal...
causes most air pollution out of all fossil fuels and SO2 can cause acid rain
problems with coal
contains sulfer causing air pollution when burned
US uses ___% of oil globally but only produces about ___% from wells
21, 9
Country with largest oil reserves
Russia at 21%
underground mining was...
dangerous. Collapsed mines, gas explosions, and black lung where lungs are coated in coal dust from exposure
scrubber
sprays the gas with lime or calcium water binding the SO2, causing it to settle out, expensive process to install
coke
coal heated without oxygen to make carbon to blend with iron to make steel
synthetic fossil fuels
fuels are produced by chemically changing fossil fuels like coal. They are cleaner burning, They are expensive, dirty, and require a lot of water
Examples of nonrenewable resources
coal, oil, natural gas
Lignite
soft brown coal
Natural gas mostly consists of _____
methane CH4
light vs heavy crude
Light produces more gasoline than heavy
Section 2
(4 cards)