Section 1
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Renal aplasia/agenesis
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (187)
Section 1
(53 cards)
Renal aplasia/agenesis
The failure of a kidney to develop
What do acute renal failure kidneys look like grossly?
normal
Where does PKD occur and why
in the cortex because that's where the tubules are
Petechial hemorrhages can be due to --- and means
bacterermia/viremia pinpoint, tiny
Acquired renal cysts are generally due to
obstruction (often by scar tissue)
Congenital renal cysts, if hereditary, are due to
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Is acute renal failure reversible
maybe
Why does fibrous osteodystrophy occur
the loss of calcium from the bones due to excess parathyroid hormone from renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
Is fibrous osteodystrophy common?
no
PKD is auto recessive in
westies and Cairns
What is the most common cause of renal failure in young animals?
renal dysplasia
uremia
urine in the blood
renal cysts can be --- or ---
acquired or congenital
Is chronic renal failure reversible
no
renal hypoplasia
incomplete development of the kidney - rare!!
4 non-renal lesions of uremia
1) endothelial damage 2) ammonia production 3) altered calcium - phosphorus metabolism 4) Increased RBC fragility/loss EPO
atresia
orifice or passageway of the body abnormally closed or absent
atrophy
was big and became small
What animals have external veins on their kidneys
cats
how can you sometimes distinguish between renal dysplasia and end stage kidney
very hard end stage generally has more fibrosis
how can you tell if you are looking at the cortex microscopically
glomeruli
Cat kidneys are a more --- color because
tan/pale they are full of lipid
Why does chronic renal disease cause renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal disease causes retention of phosphorus -> depresses serum calcium -> parathyroids hyperplasia occurs to pull more calcium out of the bones
renal dysplasia
bad development - abnormality of the structural organization of the kidney resulting in abnormal nephron differentiation
fused kidneys are
incidental and rare
Outer 1/3 of the kidneys is called the
cortex
Which side of the heart has a higher risk for endothelial damage?
left side - higher pressure
Inner 2/3 of the kidney is called the
medulla
what animals have externally lobulated kidneys
cattle marine mammals
renal hypoplasia occurs unilaterally in cats and is known as
big kidney little kidney
the renal pelvis is absent in what animal
cattle
Types of renal hemorrhage (2)
1) subscapular hemorrhage 2) non specific hemorrhage
What does a chronic renal failure kidney look like?
small irregular firm pale (fibrotic)
How can you distinguish an end stage kidney
- pale tan streaks extending into the kidney - lots of collage (fibrosis) packed bw tubules on pathology
PKD is autosomal dominant in
persians and bull terriers
Bilateral renal aplasia is
lethal
Chronic renal failure is what stage
end stage of chronic conditions
What breeds are associated with bilateral renal aplasia?
dobermans and beagles
what is fibrous osteodystrophy
fibrous tissue replaces bone for stability
What 2 non-renal lesions of uremia only occur with chronic renal failure
1) altered calcium-phosphorus metabolism 2) increased RBC fragility/loss EPO
Name 4 circulatory lesions
1) renal hemorrhage 2) renal infarcts 3) hypoperfusion 4) papillary necrosis
name the anomalies of development
- abnormalities in the amount of renal tissue - anomalies of renal position, form, orientation - renal dysplasia - renal cysts
Subscapular hemorrhage can be due to what in calves
clostridial enterotoxemia
What is dystrophic mineralization
mineralization secondary to local tissue damage
The kidney is covered by
a thin fibrous capsule
Ecchymotic hemorrhages are characteristic for
neonatal hepresvirus-1
renal dysplasia most commonly occurs
- congenitally - in neonatal dogs, cats, pigs
Acute renal failure has a --- onset of what symptoms
rapid oliguruia - produces small amounts of urine anuria - kidneys fail to produce urine
define azotemia
nitrogen comounds in the blood urea creatinine other
what is the clinical syndrome of renal failure
uremia
Section 2
(53 cards)
What is the distribution for glomerulonephritis
diffuse (all glomeruli are affected) and global (entire glomerulus)
global
affects entire glomerulus
causes of acute tubular necrosis (2)
- ischemia - toxins
glomerulitis
inflammation of the glomerulus
glomerulopathy
non-inflammatory glomerular disease or pathogens
renal infarct
area of ischemia associated with obstruction of blood supply - often wedge shaped because thats how the vessels flow
in ruminants, glomerulonephritis is considered
incidetal and insignificant
what part of the kidney will be affected by toxins first and why
proximal tubules because the blood contacts them first
How to distinguish acute and chronic papillary necrosis
acute - edges of renal papillae/crest are discolored and well demarcated chronic - irregular distortion and contour due to loss of tissue
gross findings of glomerulonephritis
kidney may look normal may look tan or speckled
Nephrotic syndrome causes what clinical consequences (3)
- proteinuria - hypoproteinemia - hyperlipidemia
segmental
affects part of the glomerulus
Where does amyloid typically deposit
glomeruli
2 common causes of acute tubular necrosis
1) nephrotoxin 2) ischemia
Most common causes of medullary/papillary necrosis (4)
- NSAIDS - acute post renal obstruction - medullary amyloides - pyelonephritis
common causes of toxic tubular necrosis (6)
- aminoglycosides - lilies in cats - ethylene glycol - melamine - raisons in dogs - pigmentary nephrosis
Renal hypoperfusion examples (2)
- cortical necrosis - acute tubular necrosis
Most glomerular disease will be --- the rest will be ---
glomerulonephritis amyloid
Why is glomerulonephritis hard to distinguish grossly
it can look normal
nephrosis
acute tubular degeration and necrosis
glomerulonephritis
primary glomerular disease + secondary tunulointerstitial changes
proteinuria causes
weightloss
What is the difference between cortical necrosis and acute tubular necrosis
cortical - tubules and glomeruli destroyed acute - tubular epithelium and basement membrane destroyed
amyloides breed predispositions
cats shar peis
Most cases of glomerulonephritis occur in -- and are ---
dogs idopathic
acute tubular necrosis gross appearance
normal swollen loss of cortical striations pale tan or darker color
Non specific hemorrhages can be due to what in cattle
trauma - dystocia
proliferative
increased number of cells
multifocal
affects some but not all of the glomeruli
How to distinguish actute from chronic renal infact
acute - contour of kidney is normal and smooth chronic - collagen contracts and pulls surface of kidney down
Amyloides gross appearance
enlarged pale waxy to finely granular
diffuse
affecting all glomeruli
Inner medulla have --- % of blood flow of the cortex. because of this, any decrease in blood flow will cause
4% necrosis
glomerulosclerosis
mesangial proliferation obliterating capillary lumens
tubular disease resulst in
uremia
What clinical sign will the O notice with glomerular disease - specifically proteinuria
weight loss!!
membranoproliferative
increased cells in basement membrane
what makes up 23% of K9 urinary disease
glomerular disease
Examples of immune complex glomerulonephritis (3)
- heartworm dz - aleutian mink dz - equine infectious anemia
amyloid
insoluble fibrillar glycoprotein derived from systemic serum amyloid A
Why do we care that the basement membrane is left intact
it allows for regeneration
Diseased glomeruli leak --- which leads to what condition
protein potein losing nephropathy
what breed is predisposed to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
wheaton terrier
Cortical necrosis involves the ---- and ---. It is very --- and can be a sign of
tubules and glomeruli rare endotoxemia or DIC
2 types of pigmentary nephrosis
1) myoglobin - muscle damage 2) hemoglobin - RBClysis
cellular casts are
molds of tubules seen on UA
membranous refers to what in the kidney
basement membrane
What is acute tubular necrosis and what causes it
damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia
What three layers separate the blood from the urine
1) fenestrated endothelium 2) GMB 3) podocytes
anything that affects the tubules also affects the
interstitium
Section 3
(56 cards)
metastatic renal neoplasm
more common arise somewhere different and go to kidney
any condition with abnormal urine flow will predispose to
pyelonephritis
hydronephrosis starts where
in the medulla and extends out
subacute to chronic lepto cause
interstitial nephritis
Hydronephrosis can be due to (2 things)
- obstruction of urine flow - pressure atrophy of the parenchyma
Suppurative interstitial nephritis can be divided into what 2 categories
- embolic - urogenous
Leptospirosis gross appearance
can often look normal
Renal neoplasms can be
- primary or metastatic
What breed is predisposed fungal disease
german shepherds
What causes white spotted kidney
e. coli in calves embolic suppurative nephritis
renal carcinoma
discreet neoplasm in one pole of old animals - eventually takes over kideny
embolic suppurative nephritis
hematogeneous bacteria lodge as septic emboli in interstitial and glomerular capillaries
Canine lyme nephritis is common in what breeds
labs and goldens
Primary renal tumors (3)
renal adenoma renal adenocarcinoma nephroblast
list possible causes of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (3)
- hypotension (shock) - thrombosis - massive hemolysis
Non-suppurative interstitial nephritis can be due to
- chonic emboli - chronic interstitial nephritis - canine lyme diseae - leptospirosis - FIP - granulomatous nephritis - chronic pyelonephritis
gross pyelonephritis
- color change in urinary pelvis and medulla - white radiating streaks - innflammation in nephrons causing small lumpy bulges
Polycystic kidney starts
in the cortex and extends in
are adenomas or carcinomas more common
carcinomas
the main cause for ischemic ATN is
vascular compromise
Hemoglobin pigmentary nephrosis examples (3)
- hemolytic anemia - copper toxicosis in sheep and goats - red maple toxicity in horses
what is unique about FIP presentation
it follow along the blood vessels has a red rim
interstitial nephritis
inflammatory changes localize to interstitium with tubular involvement
Types of parasitic nephritis
- toxocara canis - halicephalobus gingivalis (horses)
Myoglobin pigmentary nephrosis examples (4)
- rhabdomylosis - capture myopathy - severe muscle necrosis - toxic muscle necrosis
2 reasons kidneys will appear lumpy
1) something being taken away 2) something being added
Examples of embolic suppurative nephritis (2)
- actinobacilllus equui in foals - white spotted kidney in calves
canine lyme nephritis is caused by
borrelia burgdorferi
acute leptospirosis causes (2 things)
hemorrhage and icterus
pathogenesis for pyelonephritis
ascending bacterial infection - vesicoureteral reflex
lymphoma
interstitial nephritis is the kidneys response to
blood or urine borne pathogens
what is an example of urogenous suppurative nephritis
pyelonephritis
Granulomatous nephritis can be due to (2)
fungal disease parasites
What is a sign of renal adenoma
draggin leg because tumor is pressing on sciatic nerve
Gross appearance of chronic interstitial nephritis
small, firm, pitted kideny
Renal carcinomas are common in
chickens and budgies
causes of obstruction (5)
- urolithiasis - neoplasis - inflammation - congenital abnormalities - iatrogenic
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of renal pelvis that extends into renal parenchyma
Pyelitis
only inlammation of renal pelvis
stones predispose to --- and vice versa
pyelonephritis
hydronephrosis
progressive dialation of the renal pelvis
renal nephroblastomas occur in
young animals all species - most common in pigs and chickens
Why do many tumor metastisize in the kidney
its very vascular
What is the take home message for nephrotic acute tubular necrosis
kills the epithelium and leaves the basement membrane intact
renal adenoma - benign or malignant - appearance and location
benign, well circumscribed, pale neoplasm in cortex of old animal kidney - rare
what are the 2 major DX for white bumps in a cat kidney
- FIP - lymphoma
unique disease presentation of canine lyme nephritis - age and species - clinical signs
younger dogs uremia and proteinuria
renal nephroblastoma
neoplasm of renal germ cells can be benign or malignant
Section 4
(25 cards)