Section 1
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Ideogram
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Date created
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Cards (64)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Ideogram
A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)
Indo-Iranian Branch
The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.
Pidgin Language
A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Spanglish
A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.
Austronesian Language Family
Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.
Language Branch
A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.
Hindi
Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.
Altaic Language Family
A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.
Language Group
A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)
Language Family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.
Backward Reconstruction
When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.
Francophone
Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).
Ebonics
A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.
Language Convergence
When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).
Niger-Congo Language Family
More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.
Kurgan Theory
Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.
Vernacular
Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.
Standard Language
The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
Afro-Asiatic Language Family
This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.
Celtic Branch
A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.
Uralic Language Family
Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.
Sino-Tibetan Language Family
2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese
Multilingual State
A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)
Monolingual State
A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)
Swahili
The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.
Orthography
The conventional spelling system of a language.
Language Divergence
When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.
Bilingual
The ability to speak two languages.
Germanic Branch
A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.
Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory
Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.
Accent
A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.
Franglais
A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.
Language
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Extinct Language
A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.
Indo European language family
Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.
Lingua Franca
A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).
Dialect
A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.
Literary Tradition
A Language that is written as well as spoken.
Romance Branch
A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.
Isogloss
A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.
Sound Shift
Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).
Prehistoric Subgroup
A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European
Isolated Language
A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)
British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.
Balto-Slavic Branch
This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.
Hankul
The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.
Toponym
The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.
Section 2
(14 cards)