Section 1
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Industrial Revolution
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Date created
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Cards (79)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Industrial Revolution
Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.
Tammany Hall
Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed
John D. Rockefeller
Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.
Political Machine
Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations
American Federation of Labor
An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).
New South
After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.
Urbanization
movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities
"New Immigrants"
immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century
Gospel of Wealth
An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.
Jim Crow
barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877, also known as the Corrupt Bargain,[1] refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and ended Congressional ("Radical") Reconstruction. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.
racial segregation
the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.
grandfather clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
The Gilded Age
The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.
Credit Mobilier scandal
This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.
Social Gospel
Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.
Knights of Labor
American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.
Social Darwinism
Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.
Tweed Ring
Boss Tweed, NY, stole about $200 million from the people, eventually found out and jailed until he died
radical
one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system
Interstate Commerce Act
Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.
Horizontal Integration
Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)
Haymarket Riot
Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.
Land Grants
land given by government to universities and railroad companies
Homestead and Pullman Strikes
Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.
Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain (sarcastically because of the corruption) to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
patronage
(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
lobbyist
someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay
anarchist
one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle
transcontinental railroads
a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution
bimetallism
the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement
socialist
one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations
People's (Populist) Party
An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.
Standard Oil
John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.
Pendleton Act
The Pendleton Act was an American act for the reformation of the American national civil service, introduced into the Senate by George Hunt Pendleton, of Ohio in 1880, but which did not become a law until January the 6th, 1883. It provided for open competitive examinations for admission to the public service.
Carnegie Steel
A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.
Plessy v. Ferguson
sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal
sharecropping
system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops; usually virtually enslaved the workers because of debt
Pendelton Civil Service Act
Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.
"waving the bloody shirt"
using Civil War memories to gain support for presidents
Vertical Integration
Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)
Chinese Exclusion Act
First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.
trust
A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.
panic of 1873
Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)
Section 2
(29 cards)