Section 1
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (83)
Section 1
(50 cards)
printing press
Mid-1400s CE; by Johannes Gutenberg; books became far easier to produce; led to increased rates of literacy throughout Europe; was one cause of the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
Founded in 1545 as part of the Catholic Reformation to define Catholic interpretation of Church doctrine; heretics (mostly Jews and Protestants) were once again tried and punished; reestablished Latin as the language of worship for the Roman Catholic Church
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented the printing press in the mid-1400s; prior to that books hand-made; led to books being easily produced; began publication of books in vernacular (Local) languages, especially the Bible; new translations of the Bible encouraged personal interpretation and debate; ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation
Pope Leo X
Pope at the time of Luther's 95 Theses; outraged; order Luther to retract them; when Luther refused, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Sir Thomas Moore
wrote "Utopia" which described an ideal society in which everyone shared the wealth and in which everyone's needs were met; was a Christian humanist
divine right
European belief that God had ordained the right of monarchs to rule their countries; James I of England said, "The king is from God and the law is from the king."
hacienda system
A hacienda refers to a form of large landed estate systems which originated in Spanish America during the colonial period, and acted as a traditional institution of rural life. ... Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, was one of the first hacendados to be granted land in 1529 in what is today part of present day Mexico.
Ignatius Loyola
Assisted in the Catholic Reformation by establishing the Society of Jesuits; Jesuits practiced self-control and moderation, believed that prayer and good works led to salvation; led to higher expectations for all clergy; because of their oratorical and political skills Jesuits served in high political offices
humanism
Thoughts of scholars and philosophers turned away from the afterlife and began to focus on human endeavors and achievements; led to a reduction in the authority of institutions
peninsulares
Spanish officials at the top of the encomienda system; these were the ones who ran the system of forced labor instituted by the Spanish
mercantilism
theory under which countries actively sought to trade but tried not to import more than it exported; objective was a balance of trade; heightened need for colonies; really takes off during the Industrial Revolution
Mandate of Heaven
A lot like the divine right of kings; While the emperors were divinely chosen, they could not continue to rule if they failed to please heaven.
Tokagawa (Edo) Period
strict and rigid government in Japan that lasted from 1600 to 1868; political power rested in the shogun rather than the emperor; characterized by rigid social classes very similar to the caste system; reacted negatively toward Western influences with the persecution of Christians and the passage of the National Seclusion Policy
Petition of Right
Charles I of England forced to sign; limited taxes and forbade unlawful imprisonment; Charles ignored in after he got the money he wanted; ruled with calling Parliament for 11 years
Edict of Nantes
1598 CE; issued in France by King Henry IV to provide religious tolerance after Catholics the French protestants called Huguenots had fought bitterly
Martin Luther
A German monk who according to legend posted his 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenburg in 1517; opposed the sale of indulgences; his teachings on the true path to salvation were in opposition to those of the Church; his teachings eventually led to the Protestant Reformation
English Commonwealth
Government after the defeat of Charles I in English civil war; king was tried and executed; Oliver Cromwell rose to power; he was called the Lord Protector
British East India Company
English joint-stock company that dominated trade with India, especially the trade in tea
William Shakespeare
Arguably the most famous European writer from the Renaissance period; his works exhibited humanism in the extreme by focusing on character strengths and flaws, comedy and tragedy; they also illustrated the era's interest with classical civilization
Muscovy Company
English joint-stock company that monopolized trade with Russia
Enlightenment
17th-18th century CE; focused on the role of humankind in relation to government; philosophers included Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Adam Smith, etc.
Protestant Reformation
Groups of people broke with the Roman Catholic church over their beliefs and began new churches based on their own interpretations of Scripture (now in vernacular languages because of the printing press)
Catholic Reformation (counter-reformation)
The Catholic Church instituted reforms in order to win back some of the souls it lost to the Protestants; somewhat successful; reforms included banning the sale of indulgences, training priests to follow teachings more strictly; making weekly mass obligatory; re-establishing the power of the Pope.
haiku
form of Japanese poetry with three lines; concentrated on nature
Dutch East India Company
Dutch joint-stock company that controlled routes to the Spice Islands in modern-day Indonesia
Thomas Hobbes
1588-1679 CE; author of "Leviathan" who believed people were by nature greedy and prone to violent warfare; so he believed the role of government in the social contract should be to preserve peace and stability even at the expense of political rights
Machiavelli
Wrote "The Prince" in which he postulated that rulers could use trickery and unethical behavior to increase their power; book was sort of a how-to manual for monarchs
Age of Exploration
Beginning in the 1400s, long period of world exploration by European Powers
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church; this act establishes the protestant Church of England with himself as its head; he took this drastic action so he could divorce his wife Katherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn to get a male heir
John Calvin
Powerful French protestant who preached predestination; moved to Switzerland to build a Protestant theocracy in Geneva; Calvinist teachings spread from there; Scottish Presbyterians and French Huguenots were Calvinistic in their beliefs
Middle Passage
Journey aboard ship from Africa to the Americas; overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, cruelty killed about 20% of the 13 million people who began the journey in Africa
National Seclusion Policy
During the Tokugawa period in 1635 CE; prohibited Japanese citizens from traveling abroad and foreigners from visiting Japan; remained in force for nearly 200 years
Sir Isaac Newton
"The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in 1697; he invented calculus to help prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others; also developed the law of gravity
indulgences
Sold by the Roman Catholic church to finance building projects; piece of paper that allowed the holder to spend less time in purgatory being punished for their sins
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance artist who depicted the human figure as realistically as possible; regarded by scholars as a prime example of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man;" the Mona Lisa is his most famous painting; technological ingenuity showed in his conceptualization of a flying machine, a solar collector, an armored vehicle, and an adding machine
Donatello
Renaissance Italian sculptor
Michelangelo
One of the great artists of the Renaissance; sculptor, painter, architect, poet; two of his well-known sculptures on the Pieta and the David; his best-known painting is a fresco (paint on wet plaster) on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel based on stories from Genesis
encomienda system
Spanish system of forced labor for the colonies; provided peninsulares with land a specified number of native laborers; Peninsulares were supposed to protect the workers and convert them to Christianity; horrible abuses; slaves brought in to do the most difficult/dangerous jobs; relieve the burden on one group of people by imposing it upon another
Long Parliament
Charles I forced to recall Parliament into session when Scotland invaded England; known as the long Parliament because it was in session for 20 years; limited absolute powers of the monarchy; poor relations between Charles and Parliament sparked Civil War.
Galileo
1632 CE; demonstrated the rotation of the earth on its axis around the sun; his mathematical proofs made it difficult for scholars to continue to adhere to Ptolemy's teaching that the heavens orbited earth; Church put Galileo on trial and he was forced to recant; his book was banned; even under house areest he continued to research and document his findings
Neoclassical period
18th century movement in art and architecture which imitated styles of ancient Greeks and Romans (think the White House, Monticello)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal were fighting over land in the Americas; Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a north-south axis; everything to the east of the line belonged to Portugal and everything to the west of the line belonged to Spain
viceroys
Appointed governors of each of the 5 regions of New Spain; they ran the empire and established the encomienda system
enlightened monarchs
Guidelines were tolerance, justice, and improvement of people's lifestyles; examples are Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia who ruled absolutely but made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, and take on the responsibilities ruling required
Habeous Corpus Act
After Stuart Restoration, Charles II becomes king; he acknowledges the rights of his people and agrees to the Habeous Corpus Act which protects people from arrest without due process
Erasmus
one of the most well known scholars of the Renaissance; Catholic clergyman who worked from within to reform the Roman Catholic Church
atheists
People who believe that no god exists
King Henry VIII
English king who broke with the Church over his desire to divorce; he breaks with the church when the divorce was not granted and proclaims himself head of the church in England
Elizabethan Age
1158-1603 CE; during life of Queen Elizabeth I of England; time of commercial expansion and colonization in the New World; England's navy grew to be the best in the world; defeated Spanish Armada; Sir Francis Drake first to circumnavigate the globe
Spanish Inquisition
Re-instituted by Phillip II to oust heretics
Section 2
(33 cards)