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AP Biology Evolution

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Section 1

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clade

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (42)

Section 1

(42 cards)

clade

Front

a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Back

diploidy

Front

the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes

Back

gene flow

Front

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

Back

horizontal gene transfer

Front

a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms

Back

post zygotic barriers

Front

prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown

Back

sexual dimorphism

Front

marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)

Back

microevolution

Front

changes over time in allele frequencies in a population

Back

homology

Front

similarity due to shared ancestry

Back

directional selection

Front

when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other

Back

phylogenetic tree

Front

evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram

Back

Darwin's Theory (five parts)

Front

1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)

Back

speciation

Front

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

Back

population

Front

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

Back

heterozygote advantage

Front

when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous

Back

allopolyploid

Front

an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species

Back

punctuated equilibrium

Front

the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change

Back

disruptive selection

Front

when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Back

convergent evolution

Front

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Back

phylogeny

Front

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Back

genetic drift

Front

changes in the gene pool due to random events

Back

natural selection

Front

a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics

Back

allopatric speciation

Front

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Back

macroevolution

Front

the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans

Back

homologous structures

Front

structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

Back

gene pool

Front

the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population

Back

vestigial structures

Front

remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors

Back

sympatric speciation

Front

speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)

Back

sexual selection

Front

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

Back

founder effect

Front

when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

Back

Hardy-Weinberg

Front

the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

Back

stabilizing selection

Front

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

Back

autopolyploid

Front

an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species

Back

homeotic genes

Front

master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged

Back

prezygotic barriers

Front

impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)

Back

frequency-dependent selection

Front

fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population

Back

5 principals of hardy weinberg

Front

large population, random mating, no immigration or emigration (gene flow), no mutation, no selection

Back

reproductive isolation

Front

the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring

Back

polyploidy

Front

extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division

Back

bottleneck effect

Front

when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether

Back

adaptive radiation

Front

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities

Back

hybrids

Front

offspring that result from interspecific mating

Back

species

Front

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

Back