Section 1
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Environment Influencing Phenotypes
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (54)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Environment Influencing Phenotypes
Lack of nutritious food; Stunt growth and decrease muscle density, affecting your genotype (DNA) and turn it into an inheritance
Sex chromosomes
1 of the 23 pairs, always the last pair (XX or XY)
Gregor Mendel
-father of modern genetics -discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants
Gametes are. . . :
passed from the parents to their offspring
Exposure to certain chemicals and radiation. . .
may also affect Chromosomal mutations (ex Turner Syndrome)
Loop/ incomplete dominance was . . .
said to be the most common?
Multifactorial
disorders caused by a combination of inherited and acquired mutations. (ex Obesity)
Recessive
Mutation will express if the affected gene is Homozygous Recessive (albinism- aa)
Histone
a protein that's wrapped up in the DNA
Loop (Ll)
Heterozygous, incomplete dominance
Gene ex
[GCGCCTATAGGC]
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
Frameshift, Missense, Substitution/Nonsense, Insertion, Deletion, Duplication
Chromosome
an entire chain of DNA, along with a group of stabilizing proteins
Mutation
a change in N bases within a gene
Codon
group of three n bases
Dominant
This mutation will be expressed if the affected gene is Heterozygous or Homozygous Dominant. (Aa or AA/ ex Huntington's disease)
Arch (ll)
Homozygous recessive
1 allele
is from your mom and 1 is from your dad
Chromosomal mutations
often occurs during meiosis/ sex cell reproduction
Genes are...
inherited from your parents
Examples of problems caused by sex-linked traits
Red-green color blindness, Male pattern baldness, Hemophilia (you can't stop bleeding yikes), Duchenne MD (muscles deteriorate)
Homozygous
1 gene has 2 of the same alleles (homo= same/ 2 dom or 2 recessive// AA or bb)
Alleles
are different options/varieties for the same genes
Codominance
Both alleles are equally strong, no blending is caused, both alleles are visible (brown cow + white cow = white and brown spotted cow)
Acquired Mutations
exposure to different things
Autosomes
first 22 pairs, anything that isn't a sex chromosome
Karyotype
the chromosome count in a species (ex: most humans have 46/ with 23 pairs)
Dominant Alleles
alleles that are stronger, therefore will be the allele expressed (ALWAYS WRITTEN WITH UPPERCASE LETTER ex brown eyes=B)
Mutations can be. . .
harmful, beneficial, or not have any effects
Proteins
build, maintain, and regulate the body
Frameshift
adding or taking away an n base, this alters the grouping of every codon
Recessive Alleles
alleles that are weaker, they have a smaller chance of being expressed (written in lowercase ex blue eyes=a)
Types of Mutations
Inherited, acquired, multifactoral
Heterozygous
1 gene has 2 different alleles (hetero= different/ 1 dom and 1 recessive// Ab)
Genes
the code that makes proteins
Polygenic traits
require the interaction of several different genes (skin color, eye color, height, weight, intellect)
Physical trait
specific features of organisms that you can see
Sex cells (sperm and ovas/eggs)
Gametes
Phenotype
all the visible traits of an organism
During cell division...
DNA divides and begins to collect in large coiled structures, these structures are called Chromosomes.
Sex-linked trait
occurs if a gene is found only on the X chromosome, and not on the Y chromosome
Incomplete Dominance
neither allele for a specific trait is completely dominant, can cause blending (brown cow + white cow= light brown cow)
Genotype
the set of genes an organism carries
Trait
You get 1 gene from your mother and 1 from your father
Whorl (LL)
Homozygous dominant
Single point mutation
1 Nucleotide base is changed in a gene sequence (ex: continuous muscle growth/ s w o l e)
Arch . . .
was the least common, since it's recessive.
Changing a letter
changes the whole sequence, the amino acid used will cause the protein to function differently
Inherited Mutations
passed down from your parent's genes (ex: Breast cancer)
Acquired mutations can be caused by. . .
-Mistakes during DNA replication -Radiation -Environmental/ chemical exposure -Infection by virus -Random occurrence
Section 2
(4 cards)