Section 1
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epidemiology
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (104)
Section 1
(50 cards)
epidemiology
the investigation of disease in large groups
heredity, diet, and environmental factors
name three factors that are known to affect the rate of aging
example of sign
fever, swelling, skin rash
degenerative
caused by deterioration of the body
syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance
lymphoma
arises from lymphatic cells
heart disease, malignant neoplasm
what are the 2 causes of death for adults over the age of 45
dominant
transmitted by a single gene from either parent
sex-linked inheritance
genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome
traumatic
result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from effects of ionizing radiation
example of chronic disease
multiple sclerosis
pathogenesis
the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as manifestations
seeding
what term is used when cancer cells travel to distant sites
undifferentiated
what cells have a higher probability of malignancy?
cells that have atypical characterstics
what are undifferentiated cells?
symptom
the patient's perception of the disease; subjective; only the patient can identify these manifestations
degenerative disease
deterioration of the body causes what classification of diseases?
additive, sclerotic
what types of disease require an increase in exposure technique?
hematogeneous spread lymphatic spread
what are the ways metastatic spread can occur?
disease
an abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury
subtractive, lytic, destructive
what types of diseases require a decrease in exposure technique?
metabolic
caused by disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body
chronic disease
manifest more slowly and lasts for a very long time
sign
an objective manifestation that is detected by physician during examination
acute disease
have a quick onset and last's for a short period
leukemia
arises from blood cells
process and publish info on mortality statistics and trends in terms of leading causes according to gender, race, age, and specific causes (heart disease, etc.)
what does the NCHS do?
example of acute disease
pneumonia
sarcoma
arises from connective tissue
carcinoma
derived from epithelial tissue
pathology
the science of causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes
neoplastic
results in new, abnormal tissue growth
inflammatory
results from the bodies reaction to a localized injurious agent
the ease with which an organism can cause disease
what is the definition of virulence?
iatrogenic reaction
which type of injury or reaction occurs from medical treatment?
- removal of dead cells and materials - and essential component of the healing process-may be accomplished at cellular level and through human intervention
what is debridement?
National Center for Health Statistics
what does NCHS stand for?
prognosis
predicted course and outcome of the disease
nosocomial
what is the term used for diseases acquired while in the healthcare facility?
morbidity rate
the incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual's normal daily routine
22, one
cells contain ___ paris of autosomal chromosomes and _____ sex chromosomes
asymptomatic
some disease processes that do NOT produce symptoms (especially in early stages)
mortality rate
the average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population
etiology
the study of the cause of disease
recessive
transmitted by both parents to an offspring
inflammatory disease
what type of disease is the result of the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent?
difference between new cells and the original cells are small
what are differentiated cells?
congenital disease
what is the term used for diseases present at birth?
diagnosis
the identification of a disease an individual is believed to have
autosomal inheritance
an abnormality on one of the other 22 chromosomes
Section 2
(50 cards)
considered precancerous and most commonly associated with neoplasms within the reproductive system and the respiratory tract
example of dysplasia
the size of the untreated primary cancer or tumor
in the TNM system, what does the letter T represent
neuro-
nerve
proliferation
cell division
palliative treatment
designed to relieve pain when a cure isn't possible and to improve quality of life
metastases
M stands for this in the TNM system
medicaid
- funded by federal and state governments - poor
curative treatment
allowing the patient to remain free of disease for 5 years or more
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation
osteo-
bone
the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of a smoker undergo this as a response to the chronic irritation from the chemicals in the smoke
example of metaplasia
lip-
adipose tissue
virulence
ease with which an organism can overcome the bodies defenses
angio-
vascular
dysplasia
abnormal changes occurring in mature cells
nervous tissue
alterations in growth are very rare
atrophy
generalized decrease in cell size
virulence
the ease with which an organism can cause disease
Grade IV
poorly differentiated, most malignant
if the aortic valve is diseased, then the left ventricle enlarges because of the increase muscle mass needed to pump blood into the aorta
example of hypertrophy
myo-
muscle
CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, radiography, ultrasonography
which imaging modalities are used in the staging of neoplastic tumors?
genome
22 autosomal chromosomes, 2 sex chromosomes, a one small chromosome found in each mitochondria
lymphatic spread
metastatic spread via lymphatic system
primary lymph node
what is the definition of the sentinel node
muscle tissues
has limited ability to reproduce
example of nosocomial disease
staphylococcal infection
metaplasia
the conversion of one cell type into another that is not normal for that tissue
manifestations
- observable changes: symptom, sign, syndrome, asymptomatic
autoimmune disorders
- disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissues - rheumatoid arthritis
epithelial and endothelial cells
undergo continuous replacement and are most susceptible to growth changes
an estrogen-secreting ovarian tumor causing endometrial epithelial cells to multiply
example of hyperplasia
morphology
structure of cells or tissues
chondro-
cartilage
hypertrophy
generalized increase in cell size
medicare
- funded by the federal government - elderly and disabled
fibro-
fibrous tissue
Grade I
well differentiated, less malignant
hematogeneous spread
metastatic spread via blood vessels
transplantation of cells to new site resulting in a secondary tumor
what is the definition of metastasis?
adeno-
gland
hemangio-
blood vessels
phagocytosis
the ingestion of other cells or particles
muscle cells decrease in size after the loss of innervation (supply of nerves to a part) and use
example of atrophy
lymph node involvement
N stands for this in the TNM system
incidence
the number of cases found in a given period
prevalence
the number of cases found in a given population
infection
an inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism
sequelae
a condition that is caused by a previously acquired disease
idiopathic disease
disease if not causative factor can be identified
Section 3
(4 cards)