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Lecture 8: Rust Diseases

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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soybean rust

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Rust

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (41)

Section 1

(41 cards)

soybean rust

Front

- Phakopsora pachyrhizi - Phakopsora meibomiae

Back

How was the coffee beans used initially?

Front

It was used for religious purposes only but then became commonly used

Back

Who was Kaldi and what is he known for?

Front

He was an Ethiopian goat herder and was known for the discovery of coffee beans in 850 AD

Back

Rust fungi are obligate biotrophs, which means

Front

They require a living plant host for nutrition

Back

What factor has allowed the coffee rust to proliferate?

Front

Change in climate

Back

Where does the name rust come from?

Front

The color of the fungus is typically bright orange or rust colored

Back

How did the wheat rust become widespread?

Front

The development of wheat cultivation and the polycyclic nature of the pathogen

Back

How else has the decline of the coffee industry due to the rust fungi affected others?

Front

Coffee employs about 100 million people on the planet, so many have lost their jobs due to the death of coffee plants

Back

What three different fungi causes wheat rust?

Front

Puccinia graminis (stem rust), P. recondita (leaf rust), P. striiformis (stripe rust, which also infects leaves)

Back

What characteristic helps the rust spores from drying and damaging UV light?

Front

Thick walls with yellow pigment

Back

How did Kaldi discover the coffe beans?

Front

He noticed his goats eating the read berries and acting funny, becoming more active

Back

Uredinia spores

Front

produce urediniospores that are usually orange in color and function as the repeating asexual stage spreading to new plants throughout the growing season then produce telia/teliospores

Back

What other plant is affected by the soybean rust fungi?

Front

The Kudzu plant

Back

Currently, what strain was discovered that seemed to be resistant to almost all fungicides?

Front

Ug99 found in Uganda

Back

What was one strategy used to protect the plants from the coffee rust?

Front

Defoliate overstory trees after their shading had the desired effect for the plant, since these are also the preferable conditions for the fungi as well

Back

In what plant is the stem rust (P. graminis) dikaryotic and avirulent?

Front

Wheat

Back

What did the rust disease target?

Front

Diploid wheat and wild grasses

Back

What did the Britains do due to the death of the coffee plants?

Front

The British switched over to the tea

Back

On what plant do the rust spores reproduce sexually?

Front

Barberry plant (berberis canadensis)

Back

How are the rust spores spread?

Front

Wind dispersal (can travel hundreds of miles before infecting)

Back

How is the rust fungi able to infect the wheat?

Front

The pathogen inserts their genes into the avirulent genes of the plant and so the plant can no longer identify the fungi and is no longer resistant

Back

What are the two major coffee breeds used to combat the coffee rust?

Front

- Arabica (Coffea arabica) - Robusta (Coffea robusta)

Back

Who was the deity that the Romans and Greeks pray to for help with their failing crops?

Front

Robigalia

Back

Can the rust spores be different colors?

Front

Yes, for example, the black stem rust turns black as it matures into teliospores (most dangerous)

Back

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes does wheat have?

Front

Six (hexaploid)

Back

How do the spermatia of the Soybean Rust infect the plant?

Front

- Lands on the basidia lesion and fertilize - Forms recombinants on the underside of the leaves

Back

What are some methods that were used to prevent the spread of wheat rust?

Front

- Breeding of rust resistant varieties - Fungicides - Crop rotation

Back

How far back do the effects of the rust disease date?

Front

Back to the 1300s in Israel

Back

How are the distinguishable features of the wheat rust be viewed in order to identify them from other fungi?

Front

Only through a microscope since they are microscopic

Back

What are the ways of controlling rust diseases?

Front

- Plant resistant varieties - Eradicate alternate host (and alternative hosts, if possible) - Quarantine (keep things from moving place to place) - Fungicides

Back

What disease began to infect the coffee plants and when did it begin?

Front

Coffee rust in November 1869

Back

What allowed the proliferation of the rust fungi throughout the US?

Front

Wild grasses and wheat in northern Mexico spread uredinia spores upwards into the US (Puccinia pathway)

Back

What is another way of combating against the coffee rust while maintaining the coffee industry?

Front

Growing coffee species that are more resistant to the pathogen but in terms of beans, are inferior in taste

Back

The rust disease was thought to contribute to the downfall of what empire?

Front

The Roman Empire

Back

What crop is considered the first one to be cultivated by humans?

Front

Wheat

Back

What is speculated to be the cause of the spread of the coffee rust to South America?

Front

Was thought to be brought over by wind from Sri Lanka or brought over by infected planting material

Back

The kudzu is known as the ________ of the soybean rust

Front

Alternative Host (not alternate host) and is more susceptible than the soybean plant

Back

In wheat rust, where are the spores released from?

Front

The urediniospores are released from pustules which can spread quickly

Back

Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix)

Front

Means "half smooth devastating"

Back

Where was wheat rust discovered?

Front

In the Fertile Crescent in Northern Iraq

Back

All rust fungi are

Front

- Obligate biotrophs - Host specific

Back