Section 1
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Reject or Support
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Mar 1, 2020
Cards (143)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Reject or Support
A single experiment or observation can ____________ a hypothesis.
6
If a population of diploid organisms has three different alleles for a particular gene, how many different genotypes are possible?
3
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story is an experiment?
Fact
What is not part of the scientific method?
None
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story is proof that the idea about the battery was correct?
A tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments
What is a hypothesis?
The effect depends on whether the allele occurs in its homozygous or heterozygous form, and the environment (i.e., whether malaria is present).
What best describes the effect of having the S allele, which codes for sickle-cell anemia?
Because if a mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, the protein may no longer work
What is one reason why many mutations may be deleterious?
Extinct
If a mutation is removed from a population due to either genetic drift or natural selection, it is said to be:
1/200
You go for another hike in the forest and wind up back at the same population of 100 flowering plants (genetic clones). You notice that one individual of the population grows in full shade, and all the others grow in at least partial sun. You take a leaf sample from the individual in the shade, sequence its DNA and notice that the individual is heterozygous. There is a mutation in the LLT (low-light tolerance) gene (the mutant is designated LLT-s). What is the frequency of the LLT-s allele in the population?
Testable
Hypotheses need to be:
The advantage to being able to taste bitter compounds would keep you from eating poisonous compounds, an advantage not needed in the human population anymore.
The ability to perceive a bitter taste from certain chemicals including PTC has been linked to certain alleles. What provides an explanation for the fact that almost all nonhuman primates have the "taster" phenotype, whereas the human population has a significant percentage of "nontaster" phenotypes?
2
If eight alleles exist in a population, what is the maximum number of copies an unaffected individual is expected to have?
It usually is more efficient because it is controlled through breeding and not reproductive success.
Because artificial selection is controlled by a breeder, how does it compare to natural selection?
5
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story provides support that the idea about the battery is correct?
Ecological Species Concept
A bacteriologist is studying two asexually reproducing strains of E. coli. The two require different amounts of trace minerals for survival; on these grounds, the bacteriologist determines that they are separate species. In making his determination, he is using which species concept?
increased differences between the two populations in genetic sequences
Two populations that have been separated from each other for a long period of time will show:
Pre-zygotic, temporal separation
Two species of frog mate in the same pond. One breeds in early summer and one in late summer. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation?
2
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story is a hypothesis?
It is the only process that can produce new alleles
Why is mutation described as the only process that can increase genetic variation?
The individual received the same allele from each parent
If an individual is homozygous for a certain trait, it means that:
The heterozygous condition is being selected for, much like what we see with sickle cell trait
Up until 20-30 years ago, people with cystic fibrosis (CF) wouldn't live long enough to reproduce. CF is a homozygous recessive condition, leading researchers to think that over time the incidence of CF would decrease because the allele would be removed from the gene pool. The results actually indicate that the rate of CF is on the rise. What would explain those results?
Theory
An explanation supported by a large body of observations and experimentation is referred to as a(n):
Predictions
In the scientific method, hypotheses lead most directly to:
Decrease Variation
Migration is going to have what kind of effect on the genetic variation between populations?
A small population of lizards is isolated on a small island
Name a situation in which genetic drift likely to occur.
Mutations occur as a direct response to an organism's attempt to change one of its traits AND Mutations are usually caused by exposure to radiation
What statements about mutations is not true?
False
On a hike through the forest, you notice a population of 100 flowering plants that all look identical (phenotypic clones). They span an area of approximately 100 square meters. You take some representatives from one corner of their distribution back to the lab, sequence their DNA and conclude that they are also genetic clones. True or false: This population can only evolve through genetic drift.
4
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story is a prediction?
50%
If there are 100 individuals in a population and 20 are homozygous for B, 60 are heterozygous, and 20 are homozygous for b, what is the allele frequency of B?
Environmental Conditions and Genotype
Phenotypes are subject to:
Developmental, Physiological and behavioral differences
Phenotypic variation among individuals is not always visible and can include what characteristics?
Multiple genes can explain the continuous nature of most observed traits
Ronald Fisher developed a critical idea for the modern synthesis of Darwin and Mendel. What is the basis of this synthesis?
Different proteins have different charges and sizes
What is the fundamental concept that causes gel electrophoresis to work?
Suggests that the time since divergence may not be sufficient for complete reproductive isolation to have occurred
Rarely, hybridization has occurred between polar bears and grizzlies. The presence of grolars and pizzlies:
Observation, Question, Hypothesis Formulation, Experiment, Support/Refute Hypothesis
What order correctly reflects the process of science?
Mutation
Which evolutionary force is rare and usually not considered by population geneticists?
The structure of the histone gene must be conserved for DNA to function properly
Why do histone genes have the slowest molecular clock?
1
You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but does not start (1). You think to yourself, "the battery must be dead (2)," so you go in the garage and borrow the battery from your neighbor's car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead and you replace it, then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up and you make it to class on time (5). Which sentence or part of a sentence in the story is an observation?
This means the allele frequencies or genotype frequencies are undergoing evolutionary change
If an assumption for the Hardy-Weinberg equation is violated, what does this mean?
Allopatric Speciation
The origin of polar bears was the result of:
All alleles within a population
A gene pool is comprised of what?
Neutral
Most genetic variation in populations is:
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a given trait is said to be:
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for protein or RNA; an allele is an alternate form of a gene
What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
Genetic Drift
What term correctly describes change in allele frequency due to random effect of a small population?
Mutations result in genetic variation among individuals, can be harmful, beneficial or neutral, accumulate in a genome over time, and make evolution possible
What statements about mutations are true?
Extinct and asexual organisms
A drawback of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to:
True
True or false: observations allow scientists to draw tentative explanations called hypotheses.
Pre-zygotic, lock and key
Biochemical systems within the stigma of a flowering plant prevent the pollen from a different species from developing a pollen tube and fertilizing its eggs. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation?
Section 2
(50 cards)
Correlation
In reviewing historical records and ice core data, researchers noted that atmospheric CO2 levels started to rise as humans began to burn fossil fuels. This is an example of what type of relationship?
Natural selection and/or sexual selection
Although we must be cautious about oversimplifying, when visible traits are markedly different among human races, a likely explanation is that the differences have been favored by:
False
True or False: Hypotheses that provide reasonable explanations do not need to be tested.
That all humans, no matter how distantly related they are, share a recent common ancestor
What does it mean when it is said that the tree of human evolution is shallow?
The properties of the organisms themselves and the environments in which they live.
The probability that an ancient species will be represented in the fossil record is a function of:
Monophyletic
A taxon that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants is a ____________ group.
Transmit learned behavior from one generation to the next.
Culture is defined as the ability to:
False
You begin an experiment with 2 populations of E. coli that are each composed of 100 cells. The cells are all genetically identical (i.e., they are clones). You grow these populations in flasks on a lab bench under identical conditions with unlimited resources. Is the following statement about the populations true or false? Initially these populations will be in H-W equilibrium.
False
You begin an experiment with 2 populations of E. coli that are each composed of 100 cells. The cells are all genetically identical (i.e., they are clones). You grow these populations in flasks on a lab bench under identical conditions with unlimited resources. Is the following statement about the populations true or false? Natural selection cannot occur because bacteria are haploid so there is no individual variation.
Volcanic Eruptions and Plate Tectonics
What processes are typically associated with the long-term carbon cycle?
Fossils provide a record of extinct species
How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history?
Lighter pigment allows for more efficient production of vitamin D, an advantage in areas with less sunlight.
If modern humans came from Africa, what explains the loss of pigmentation seen in different races?
No, they are not the same because natural selection works on individuals, whereas evolution is change in populations.
Is natural selection the same thing as evolution?
Causation
Studies assessing the amounts of different carbon isotopes (12C, 13C, and 14C) in the atmosphere were important because they provided evidence that human activities were in fact adding CO2 to the atmosphere. This is an example of what type of relationship?
Large brains are metabolically expensive to produce and maintain.
We can conclude that natural selection must have acted in favor of large brains in humans because:
Relatively little body hair on adult humans
What is an example of neoteny?
It improves successful reproduction
What is a characteristic of a beneficial mutation?
No. Speciation occurred, but natural selection was not involved.
If speciation occurred because of changes in chromosome counts between the original parents and the offspring, would this be an example of speciation by natural selection?
The recipe because it can be passed on to all relatives
You inherited from your mom both her crooked nose and her recipe for chocolate chip cookies (both favorable traits). Which trait will be spread more quickly through the population?
False
You begin an experiment with 2 populations of E. coli that are each composed of 100 cells. The cells are all genetically identical (i.e., they are clones). You grow these populations in flasks on a lab bench under identical conditions with unlimited resources. Is the following statement about the populations true or false? Natural selection begins immediately operating on the populations.
Evolutionary species concept; Morphospecies concept
A paleontologist is studying a group of fossils from its first appearance in the fossil record to its extinction. She determines that the group descends from a single common ancestor and gave rise to no new species. Its appearance is distinct from any other group of fossils. Based on this information, she decides that it is a new species. In coming to this decision, which species concept or concepts is she using?
False
True or False: Language is unique to humans.
Sauropsids
What is the sister group to mammals?
Chimpanzees
What primates are the most closely related to humans?
Both environment and genetics
Why does hair color vary among humans?
Natural Selection
What provides the likeliest explanation for the differences seen in the human population?
Polymorphic and similar-looking organisms
A drawback of the morphospecies concept is that it cannot be applied to:
They have collectively increased
Over the last several decades, what have researchers discovered about atmospheric CO2 levels?
True
You begin an experiment with 2 populations of E. coli that are each composed of 100 cells. The cells are all genetically identical (i.e., they are clones). You grow these populations in flasks on a lab bench under identical conditions with unlimited resources. Is the following statement about the populations true or false? Speciation cannot occur because the two populations are identical.
Whether the F1 is fertile and whether F1 offspring are viable
What information would assist you in determining whether polar bears and grizzlies are different species, based on the biological species concept?
Chemical Weathering
Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which removes CO2 from the atmosphere?
Pre-zygotic; Behavioral
Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males and females recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation?
That humans in their adult state resemble juvenile chimpanzees
What does it mean to say that humans are neotenous?
Because much of the variation is in visible characters
Why is it hypothesized that sexual selection is responsible for most of the variation seen in the human population?
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Which processes are typically associated with the short-term carbon cycle?
Energy is lost as it moves from lower to higher trophic levels
In a trophic pyramid, the biomass of lower trophic levels is typically much greater compared to that of higher levels. What does this tell you about the transfer of energy between trophic levels?
Skull, Legs, Pelvis, and Spine
The shift to bipedalism required changes to the architecture of which of the following?
Adaptive Radiation
____________ is a special case of speciation in which new species form rapidly in response to numerous "open" ecological niches.
Primary Producers
Cyanobacteria, milkweed plants, and oak trees are all considered:
No. They are reproductively isolated from their parents by their different chromosome count.
You are studying reproduction in a species of frog. Two gametes that are diploid join to form a viable zygote (F1). You raise several of these zygotes and find that they are fertile and produce viable offspring when bred with each other. Are these animals the same species as their parents?
Neoteny
The case where a sexually mature organism still retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form is referred to as:
Long-term Carbon Cycle
The movement of carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere to HCO3- (a byproduct of chemical weathering) on rocks to CaCO3 in coral skeletons and finally CaCO3 in limestone are all steps in the ____________.
Great Apes
Humans are included in which of the following groups?
Africa
What continent was the starting point for the origination of humans?
Volcanism
Of the processes involved in the long-term carbon cycle, which introduces CO2 back into the atmosphere?
The probability of fossilization varies among species
What is a disadvantage of using fossils to reconstruct phylogenetic history?
Paraphyletic
A taxon that includes a single common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is a ____________ group.
Culture, Language, Consciousness
What processes are NOT unique in humans?
Sexual Selection
If not all of the variation seen in the human population can be attributed to natural selection, then what else could be most likely responsible for this variation?
Increase in body and brain size
In addition to the shift to bipedalism, what major trend or trends do we see in hominin evolution as we look across our entire fossil record?
Section 3
(43 cards)