Section 1
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Cards (288)
Section 1
(50 cards)
homozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
hybrids
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
punnett square
diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
genes
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
anaphase
the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
tetrad
structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
genetics
scientific study of heredity
independent assortment
independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
Cell
Basic functional unit of all living things
Ion Channels
Allow the passage of ions across the membranes; gated channels open and close in response to specific stimuli i.e. Na+ and K+
centrioles
one of the two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cels near the nuclear envelope
alleles
one of a number of different forms of a gene
phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes structure of the plasma membrane; scattered proteins within a flexible matrix of phospholipids
codominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm during cell division
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell division
spindle
fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
cancer
disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
cyclin
one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
crossing-over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
incomplete dominance
situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
gametes
specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
true-breeding
term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the cell's DNA
heterozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Porins
Allow the passage of certain ions and small polar molecules; aquaporins increase the passage rate of water molecules
fertilization
process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
polygenic traits
trait controlled by two or more genes
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
centromeres
area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
Channel Proteins
Provide open passageways through the membrane
haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
Cytoplasm
Consists of specialized bodies (organelles) suspended in a fluid matrix (cytosol)
telophase
fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
Plasma Membrane
Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment; controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell (selective permeability); lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, proteins, cholesterol to provide some rigidity, and a glycocalyx of glycolipids (lipids + oligosaccharides) and glycoproteins (proteins + oligosaccharides)
Transmembrane Proteins
Integral proteins that span completely through the membrane; held in place by hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions
segregation
separation of alleles during gamete formation
trait
specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
Integral Proteins
Proteins that extend into the membrane
Peripheral Proteins
Proteins that attach to the inner or outer surface of the membrane
diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
chromatids
one of the two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
multiple alleles
three or more alleles of the same gene
Section 2
(50 cards)
Passive Transport
Movement of substances from higher to lower concentration; does not require energy
Microfilaments
Made of actin; involved in motility of cell
Lysosomes
Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes; break down food, debris, and foreign invaders; they DO NOT occur in plant cells
Anchoring Junctions
Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells; desmosomes bind adjacent cells together and are associated with protein filaments that extend into the cell interior to hold structures together
Adhesion Proteins
Attach cells to neighboring cells and give cell stability
Storage Vacuoles
In plants; store starch, pigments, toxic substances (i.e. nicotine)
Endocytosis
The plasma membrane engulfs a substance and enters the cytoplasm in a vesicle; phagocytosis (undissolved, solid material) and pinocytosis (dissolved, liquid material), receptor-mediated (specific molecules bind to receptors)
Carrier Proteins
Bind to specific molecules, undergo a change in shape, and then transfer the molecules across the membrane; i.e. the passage of glucose
Contractile Vacuole
Collect and pump excess water out of cell
Chromatin
Threadlike form of DNA
hypothalamic-inhibiting hormone
hormone produced in the hypothalamus that targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit anterior pituitary hormones
Flagella and Cilia
Structures that protrude from the cell membrane and make wavelike movements; flagella are long, few and move in snakelike motion; cilia are short, numerous, and move with back-and-forth movement; "9 +2" array of microtubules
Ribosomes
Consist of RNA molecules and proteins; the two subunits move across the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm to be assembled; ribosomes assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins
Chloroplasts
Carry out photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into carbohydrates
Mitochondria
Carry out aerobic respiration to obtain ATP from carbohydrates
Nucleosomes
Before cell division, histones organize DNA into bundles
Communicating Junctions
Allow the transfer of materials; gap junctions between animal cells involve connexins which prevent cytoplasm from mixing but allow the passage of ions and small molecules; plasmodesmata between plant cells involves with a desmotubule surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane going between the two cells, with exchange occurring through the cytoplasm
Plasmolysis
Movement of water out of a cell resulting in the cell's collapse
Transport Vesicles
Move materials between organelles or between organelles and the plasma membrane
Countercurrent Exchange
Diffusion of substances between two regions in which they are moving by bulk flow in oposite directions
Active Transport
Movement of solutes against a gradient, requiring the expenditure of energy
Peroxisomes
Break down substances (i.e. hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids)
Hypotonic Solution
The solution that has the lower concentration of solutes than the other solution
Recognition Proteins
Give each cell type a unique identification so it can distinguish between "self" and "foreign" cells
Transport Proteins
Use ATP to transport materials through active transport; i.e. sodium-potassium pump maintaining higher sodium and potassium concentrations on opposite sides of the membrane
Bulk Flow
Collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure
Dialysis
Diffusion of SOLUTES across a selectively permeable membrane
Cell Wall
Provide support outside the plasma membrane; made of cellulose in plants; made of chitin in fungi
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Hypertonic Solution
The solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the other solution
Golgi Apparatus
Flattened sacs arranged like a stack of bowls; modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles; these vesicles bud out from the Golgi apparatus, migrate to the surface, and merge with the plasma membrane to release contents
Nucleolus
Concentrations of DNA within the nucleus that are in the process of manufacturing components of ribosomes
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of solutes or water through channel proteins
Solvent
Substance that the solute is being dissolved in; i.e. water
Exocytosis
Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside
hypothalamic-releasing hormone
hormone produced in the hypothalamus that targets the anterior pituitary to release anterior pituitary hormones
Nucleus
Bounded by the nuclear envelope (consisting of two phospholipid bilayers); contains DNA in chromatin form; serves as the site of chromosome separation during cell division
Receptor Proteins
Provide sites that hormones or other trigger molecules can bind to in order to activate a cell response
Food Vacuoles
Store nutrients temporarily; may merge with lysosomes which digest food with their enzymes
Osmosis
Diffusion of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Centrioles and Basal Bodies
Act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs); a centrosome outside the nuclear envelope gives rise to microtubules making the spindle apparatus in cell division; basal bodies are at the base of cilia and flagella and are made of nine triplets of microtubules
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and hormones
Chromosomes
Chromatin condenses during cell division into rod-shaped bodies
Microtubules
Made of tubulin; provide support and motility for cellular activities; found in spindle apparatus of mitosis, and in cilia and flagella
Central Vacuole
Large bodies in plant cells; exert turgor pressure on cell walls when full and maintain rigidity this way
Isotonic Solution
The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the other solution
Intermediate Filaments
Provide support for the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Stacks of flattened sacs with ribosomes; as ribosomes assemble polypeptides, polysaccharides are attached to them to create glycoproteins
Tight Junctions
Tightly stitched seams between animal cells; prevents passage of materials between cells so that materials must pass through them
Simple Diffusion
Random movement from high to low concentration
Section 3
(50 cards)
Detritus
dead organic matter that is a source of food for many benthic species; ex: dead plant matter, decaying organisms
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
hormone produced in the thyroid that targets all tissues to increase metabolic rate and regulate growth and development
estrogen and progesterone
hormone produced in the ovaries that targets gonads, skin, muscles, and bones to stimulate female characteristics
Climate
the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a particular area (compare to: weather: the short term temperatures or conditions)
glucagon
hormone produced by the pancreas that targets the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue to raise the blood glucose level
Dispersal
the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density; ex: turtles moving into the woods from pond, spreading out from original area of inhabitation
Community
a group of populations of all different species living in an area; ex: the whole pond ecosystem of organisms
menalocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets melanocytes in skin
Biomes
major terrestrial or aquatic life zones, characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial or physical environment in aquatic; ex: (see below types, defined)
Ecosystem ecology
studies the energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and their environment (aka study of ecosystem and organism's interaction)
Organismal ecology
has to do with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior interact with its environment; includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology
Tropics
regions that lie between 23.5 N and 23.5 S latitude (cutting horizontally on the Earth); they and the equator get the most direct sunlight, therefore more heat and light per surface area
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets and stimulates the thyroid
Global ecology
studies how the exchange of materials and energy affect the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere (aka looking for global patterns, relationships, patterns)
Aphotic zone
area in a body of water where little light penetrates (part of: stratification of aquatic biomes)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets and stimulates the adrenal cortex
Benthos
organism that occupy the benthic zone; ex: worms
Microclimate
very fine patterns of climate; ex: conditions that affect community living in pond grasses, under a log
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
hormone produced in adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidneys to stimulate reabsorbtion of sodium and excretion of potassium
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
hromone produced by the adrenal cortex that targets all tissues to raise blood glucose level and stimulate the breakdown of protien
Landscape ecology
studies the factors controlling the interactions and exchanges of energy, materials, and organism across multiple ecosystems; ex: between the pond at the edge of the forest and the forest itself
calcitonin
hormone produced in the thyroid that targets the bones, kidneys, and intestine to lower blood calcium level
melatonin
hormone produced in the pineal gland that targets the brain to control circadian rhythms and circannual rhythms, and may be involved in maturation of sex organs
Biotic
living (relates to: biotic factors: organisms that are part of an individual's environment; ex: certain plants in the pond, carnivore fish/alligators)
Abiotic
nonliving (relates to: abiotic factors: chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water and nutrients that influence the distribution and abundance of organism; ex: water temperature, salinity, oxygen)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone produced in the parathyroid that targets bones, kidneys, and the intestine to raise blood calcium level
Landscape (or Seascape)
mosaic of connected ecosystems (might span great distance, a bunch of biomes)
Ecosystem
community of organisms in an area and the physical factors that they interact with; ex: the pond the organism live in
Community ecology
studies the interactions between species; including predation, competition, commensalism, symbiotic, etc; and how it affects a community's structure, organization, relationship
Macroclimate
climate patterns on the global, regional, and local level; ex: weather in Maryland
Benthic zone
bottom of all aquatic biomes; made up of substrate, sand, inorganic, and organic sediments
prolactin (PRL)
hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets mammary glands for milk production
Ecology
study of the integrations between organisms and the environment in which they live in; can range from individual (organismal) to global
September Equinox
alignment of the Earth when the equator faces the sun directly, the poles are not tilted, and all areas on the Earth experience 12/12 sun and darkness
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
produced in the posterior pituitary that targets the kidneys to stimulate water absorbtion of the kidneys
growth hormone (GH)
hormone produced inteh anterior pituitary that targets soft tissues and bones to promote cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth
insulin
hormone produced in the pancreas that targest the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue to lower blood glucose level and promote the formation of glycogen
sex hormones
hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that targets the gonads, skin, muscles, and bones to stimulate reproductive organs and bring about sex characteristics
Photic zone
area in a body of water where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis (part of: stratification of aquatic biomes)
gonadotropic hormone (FSH or LH)
hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets the gonads to simulate egg/sperm production and sex hormone production
Population
group of individuals of the same species living in an area; ex: painted turtles living in a pond
Biosphere
the global ecosystem, sum and collection of all the Earth's ecosystems
June solstice
the alignment of the Earth when the Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the sun and has the longest day/shortest night; the Southern Hemisphere tilts away from the sun and has shortest day/longest night
oxytocin
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary that targets the uterus and mammary glands to stimulate uterine muscle contraction or release milk from mammary glands
December solstice
the alignment of the Earth when the Northern Hemisphere tilts away from the sun and has the shortest day/longest night; Southern Hemisphere tilts towards the sun and has the longest day/shortest night
March Equinox
alignment of the Earth when the equator faces the sun directly, the poles are not tilted, and all areas on the Earth experience 12/12 sun and darkness
Population ecology
studies the factors that affect population size and how and why a population might change over time
androgens (testosterone)
hormone produced in the testes that targets gonads, skin, muscles, and bone to stimulate male characteristics
epinepherine and norepinepherine
hormone produced in the adrenal medulla that targets the cardiac and other muscles in emergency situations to raise blood glucose level
thymosins
hormone produced in thymus that targets T lymphocytes to stimulate production and maturation to T lymphocytes
Section 4
(50 cards)
Northern Coniferous forest (aka Taiga)
found across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the arctic tundra—largest terrestrial biome on Earth; precipitation ranges from 30 to 70 cm, droughts are common; winters are cold and long while summers may be hot; plants include cone bearing trees (pine, spruce, fir, hemlock); migratory birds nest, year round bird species, moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers, insect outbreaks that kill trees; are being logged and therefore the old growth parts of these forests may disappear soon; ex: Rocky Mountain National park in Colorado
Immigration
the influx or arrival of new individuals from other areas; ex: new geese settle at the pond
Survivorship curve
a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age; (types: Type I (curve is flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, and then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age groups; ex: humans); Type II (intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organism's life span; ex: squirrels); Type III (the curve drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that survive the early period of die-off; ex: oysters))
Density independent
a birth rate or a death rate that does not change with population density; ex: physical factors like drought that affect grass
Temperate broadleaf forest
located in the mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and some in Australia and New Zealand; precipitation ranges from 70 to 200 cm in all seasons including winter snow; winter temperatures are around freezing and summers are hot and humid; distinct vertical layer forest (closed canopy, one or two strata of understory trees, a shrub layer, and an herbaceous stratum), dominant trees are deciduous which drop their leaves before the winter; many mammals hibernate during the winter and birds migrate to warmer areas; heavily settled, logged, cleared for agriculture and urban development; ex: Maryland, up and down the East Coast
Abyssal
zone that is very deep, continuously cold and pressurized
R-selection or density-independent selection
selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in un-crowded environments (low density); ex: fish that lay eggs
Population ecology
the study of populations in relation to their environment; explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations
Emigration
the movement of individuals out of a population; ex: baby ducks leave the pond and settle somewhere else
Savanna
equatorial and subequatorial regions, seasonal rainfall and dry season that is eight or nine months, warm year round, scattered trees are thorny with small leaves, fires are common, grasses and forbs make up the ground cover, large plant eating mammals, predators like lions, termites galore, cattle ranching and overhunting threatening animal populations; ex: Africa (Kenya)
Cohort
a group of individuals of the same age (related to: life table (follow a cohort from birth until death for data))
Littoral zone
the shallow, well-lighted waters close to shore, rooted and floating aquatic plants live in this zone
Zero population growth (ZPG)
occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=b-d; r=0)
Deserts
occur 30 N and 30 S latitude, precipitation is low and highly variable, temperature is variable seasonally and daily, landscapes include scattered vegetation and lots of bare ground; succulents such as cacti and other plants that have adapted to heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area (some plants exhibit C4 or CAM photosynthesis); animas have adapted—water conservation, nocturnal; conversion to agriculture and urbanization threatens; ex: southwest USA
Density
the number of individuals per unit area or volume; ex: number of sloths per acre of trees
Repeated reproduction or iteroparity
produce a few large eggs/offspring and then reproduce annually; may be favored in dependable environments where adults are more likely to survive to breed again and where competition for resources may be intense; ex: lizards
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents
hot, dark environments found on mid-ocean ridges, the food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide by a reaction with hot water and dissolved sulfate
Limnetic zone
zone farther from shore where the water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants, inhabited by a variety of phytoplankton and cyanbacteria; more offshore in a lake
Climograph
a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region; (relate to: biomes)
Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population; (relates to: patterns of dispersion—clumped, uniform, or random)
Demography
the study of the vital statistic of populations and how they change over time; (related to: life table)
Tundra
found in the areas of the Arctic and even on very high mountaintops at all altitudes where the high winds and low temperatures create an alpine tundra; precipitation around 20 to 60 cm; winters are long and cold while summers are short with low temperatures; mostly herbaceous vegetation with grasses, mosses, forbs, small shrubs and trees, lichens; contains a permanently frozen soil layer called permafrost; large grazing musk, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes; birds migrate to the tundra for summer nesting; sparsely settled by can be harmed by oil drilling; ex: Alaska, upper parts of Russia
Temperate grasslands
located in south Africa, Hungary, Argentina, Uruguay, Russia, and North America; precipitation is highly seasonal with dry winters and wet summers; periodic drought is common; winters are cold and summers are hot; grasses and forbs dominate and can sprout quickly after fire; large grazers like bison and wild horses; also burrowing animals such as prairie dogs; with deep, fertile soil, they have been converted to farmland and in some places ruined by cattle grazing; ex: plains of North America, the Dakotas
Abyssal zone
the benthic zone that lies between 2,000 and 6,000 m below the surface in an ocean; ex: Mariana trench
Tropical rain forest
equatorial and subequatorial regions, rainfall is relatively constant, (compare to: Tropical dry forests: precipitation is highly seasonal with a many month dry season), temperatures are high year round, vertically layered and competition for light is intense—emergent trees, canopy, sub canopy, shrub, herb layers, epiphytes; thorny shrubs and succulents in dry tropical forests; home to millions of species—diversity highest; rapid population growth is leading to agricultural and development of rain forests; ex: Brazil
Big-bang reproduction or semelparity
producing thousands of offspring in a single reproductive opportunity before the organism dies; may be favored in highly variable or unpredictable environments which will increase the probability that some of the offspring will survive with so many produced; ex: salmon
Ecotone
area of intergradation between different terrestrial biomes; ex: area between a grassland and temperate forest
Carrying capacity
symbolized as K, is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain; energy, shelter, refute from predators, nutrient availability, water, and suitable nesting sites can all be limiting factors
Population
a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area; they rely on the same resources and are affected by similar environmental factors; they interact and breed with one another as well; ex: a population of turtles living in the pond
Estuary
a transition area between river and sea; seawater flows up during rising tide and out with falling tide; salinity varies; networks of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats; salt marshes, breeding ground for fishes, birds; worms, oysters, crabs, etc.; pollution is harming, filling, and dredging; ex: Chesapeake Bay
Canopy
layer in a forest that makes up the upper layer and includes tall, wide breadth trees; (relate to: layers of a forests—upper canopy, low tree layer, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous plants, the forest floor, root layer)
Wetland
a habitat that is flooded with water at least some of the time and supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil; high organic production and decomposition by microbes= periodically low in dissolved oxygen, good at filtering dissolved nutrients and pollutants; basin wetlands (form in shallow basins), riverine wetlands (form along periodically flooded banks of rivers and streams), fringe wetlands (occur at the coasts of large lakes and seas); most productive biomes on Earth, woody plants dominate swamps while sphagnum mosses in bogs; human draining and filling has destroyed 90% of wetlands; ex: Jug Bay
Logistic population growth
the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached; (dN)/(dt)=rmaxN((K-N)/K); creates an S-shaped curve
Life tables
are age-specific summaries of the survival patterns of a population (females vs. males at different ages, etc)
Intertidal zone
an aquatic biome that is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides (2 times a day); zones experience variations in exposure to air, temperature, and salinity; oxygen and nutrient levels are high; configuration of coastline and substrate influences the magnitude of tide and exposure received; high diversity and biomass of attached marine algae inhabit the rocky intertidal zones, they attach to the hard surfaces; oil pollution disrupts; ex: Oregon tidal pools
Thermocline
a narrow layer of abrupt temperature changed in the ocean and most lakes; ex: from surface to colder, deeper waters
Oligotrophic lakes
nutrient-poor and oxygen rich lakes, low amounts of decomposable organic sediments; ex: lake in Grand Tetons, very clear water
Reproductive table
(aka fertility schedule) an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
Life history
made up of the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival; three variables include when reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode; are evolutionary outcomes reflected in development, physiology, and behavior
Disturbance
an event that changes a community, which may remove organisms from an area and alter resource availability; ex: fire, flood, storm, human activity
Mark-recapture method
used to help determine density; scientists capture a random sample of individuals in a population, tag and release the first sample; then after waiting for the first sample to mix back in with the population, they capture a second sample and figure out how many individuals were recaptured from the first (x), how many total in the second sampling (n), total in the first sampling (m), and the population size (N) to create this formula: (x/n)= (m/N) or N=((mn)/x)
Coral reefs
formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, occur in relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity, very sensitive to temperatures; require high oxygen levels; require solid substrate for attachment (young fringing reef to offshore barrier to island coral atoll); corals are a group of cnidarians, fish diversity high; overfishing, global warming and climate change contribute to bleaching, bottom trawl nets ruin coral reefs, development in mangrove forests reduce the spawning grounds of many tropical fishes; ex: Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Exponential population growth
population growth under ideal conditions; aka geometric population growth; rmaxN=(dN)/(dt); results in a J-shaped curve
K-selection or density dependent selection
selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density; competition strong; ex: elephant that raise a young so that it will have the best chance to survive
Eutrophic lakes
nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in the summer and if covered in ice in the winter, high amounts of decomposable organic bottom sediments; ex: Swan park's lake
Marine benthic zone
consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the neritic zone and the offshore pelagic (open water) zone, receive no sunlight, water temperatures decline with depth as pressure increases, oxygen usually present, invertebrates and fishes, giant tube worms at the vents; many of them nourished by chemoautotrophic prokaryotes that live as symbionts within their bodies; overfishing has decimated the benthic fish populations and dumping of organic wastes has created a lack of oxygen in the areas; ex: everywhere on the seafloor, even in deep trenches
Chaparral
mid-latitude coastal regions on several continents, precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winters and long dry summers; fall , winter and spring are cool and summer hotter; dominated by shrubs and small trees and grasses, adapted to reduce water lose and to fire; mammals include browsers like deer and other amphibians and birds, insects; highly settled and reduced through conversion to agriculture and urbanization, humans contribute to fires; ex: Californian coast
Neritic
coastal zone, comes before the main oceanic zone, shallow
Oceanic pelagic zone
(aka: open water) a vast realm of open water that is constantly mixed by the wind-driven ocean currents; oxygen levels are generally high, turnover renews nutrients; covers 70% of earth's surface; phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria drift and account for half of photosynthetic activity on Earth; zooplankton abundant, invertebrates, free swimming animals; overfishing harms and polluted by waste dumping; ex: Atlantic ocean
Turnover
bodies of water that undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters as a result changing temperatures; it brings oxygenated water from a lake's surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn; related to: important for survival and growth of organisms at all levels in aquatic ecosystem
Section 5
(50 cards)
Endoparasites
parasites that live within the body of their host; ex: tapeworms
Dominant species
species in a community that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass, exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species
Energetic hypothesis
suggests that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain; (relates to: only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next level)
Shannon diversity (H)
H=-[(pAlnpA) + ( pBlnpB) ... etc where A, B, C etc are the species in the community and p is the relative abundance of each species
Resource partitioning
the differentiation of niches that enable similar species to coexist in a community; ex: one lizard on sunny branches and the other on shady branches; (relates to: realized and fundamental niche)
Top-down model
proposes the opposite of above; VH, also called a trophic cascade model, predators limit H and H limit V so removing primary carnivores would increase the H and decrease V causing nutrients to rise—alternating +/- effects
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
states that moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance
Aposematic coloration
animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit these bring colors, or warning coloration; ex: poison dart frog
Species richness
the number of different species in the community
Batesian mimicry
a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model
Population dynamics
the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variations in the size of populations; (relates to: stability, fluctuation, population cycles, immigration, emigration, metapopulations)
Dynamic stability hypothesis
proposes that long food chains are less stable than short chains
Herbivory
+/- interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga; ex: grasshopper eating grass
Nonequilibrium model
describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by disturbances
Mutualism
+/+ an Interspecific interaction that benefits both species; ex: photosynthesis by unicellular algae in corals, or even nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes; (relates to: obligate mutualism in which at least one species has lost the ability to survive without its partner; facultative mutualism: both species can survive alone)
Biomass
the total mass of all individuals in a population; most evidence supports this hypothesis
Demographic transition
movement toward zero population growth that comes about by a low birth rate minus a low death rate; related to an increase in the quality of health care and sanitation as well as improved access to education, especially for women
Character displacement
the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations of two species than in allopatric (geographically separate) populations of the same two species; ex: Darwin's finches; the ones on the same island together began to differ and change while others of the same species on different islands did not
Age structure
the relative number of individuals of each age in the population; usually represented in a pyramid (aka: age pyramids—rapid growth has a lot of young, not much old (Afghanistan); slow growth as fairly equal amount of younger up to 40 (USA) ; no growth has few young kids, more older (Italy)))
Predation
a +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey; ex: snake eats a frog; caterpillar eats a plant
Keystone species
might not necessarily be abundant in a community by exert a strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological roles, or niches; ex: otters, sea urchins, seaweed
Biomanipulation
when ecologists apply models to help mitigate pollution or remedy environmental problems; ex: using the top-down model to improve water quality in polluted lakes
Primary succession
when succession begins in a lifeless area where soil has not yet formed, like on a volcanic island or after a glacier retreats; prokaryotes present, lichens and mosses are the first to colonize, soil develops as rocks weather and grasses shrubs, trees, vegetation
Cryptic coloration or camouflage
makes prey difficult to spot; ex: a spotted toad that blends with leaves
Food chain
the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels starts at its source in plants and other autotrophic organisms (primary produces), herbivores (primary consumers), carnivores (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers), and decomposers
Ectoparasites
parasites that feed on the external surface of a host; ex: ticks
Parasitism
+/- symbiotic interaction in which the parasite derives its nourishment from the host, which is harmed in the process
Density dependent
birth or death rates that falls/rises as population density rises; (include: competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors (physiological))
Relative abundance
the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
Invasive species
organisms that take hold outside their native range, typically introduced by humans
Ecological succession
when a disturbed area may be colonized by a verity of species, which are gradually replaced by other species; (related to: primary and secondary succession)
Ecological niche
the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; if an organism's habitat is its address, then the niche is the profession— its ecological role, how it fits into an ecosystem
Trophic structure
feeding relationships between organisms; feeding level of each organism
Ecological footprint
summarizes the land and water area required by each person, city or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates; average is 1.7 ha per person
Competitive exclusion
when one species will use the resource more efficiently and thus reproduce more rapidly than the other reproduces; eventually will lead to the local elimination of the inferior competitor
Food webs
food chains that are linked together; diagrammed with arrows inking species according to who eats whom
Species diversity
the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community—has two components, species richness and relative abundance
Bottom up model
the VH linkage (V=vegetation; H= herbivores) proposes a uni-directional influence from lower to higher trophic levels; ex: nutrients control plants number and therefore controls H numbers so if you add nutrients, higher trophic levels should also increase in biomass; but if you add predators or remove, then the effect should not extend down to the lower trophic levels
Disturbance
an event that changes a community, which may remove organisms from an area and alter resource availability; ex: fire, flood, storm, human activity
Interspecific interactions
an organism's interactions with other individuals of other species in the community; include predation, competition, herbivory, symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism; (refers to: +/- to determine how affects others)
Commensalism
an interaction between species that neither benefits one of the species but neither harm nor helps the other; +/0; ex: hitchhiking species like algae on turtles' shells or cattle egrets and cows
Species -area curve
all other factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has; larger areas offer a greater diversity of habitats and microhabitats than smaller areas (relates to: island biogeography, equilibrium)
Facilitators
species that have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species in the community; ex: special grasses in a marsh make it better for other grasses
Müllerian mimicry
two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
Symbiosis
when two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another; sometimes harmful or helpful or neutral
Community
a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact; ex: pond community
Secondary succession
occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact, in a forested area that is cleared, or agricultural fields; ex: Yellowstone after fires; early arrivals facilitate and make favorable for other plants or inhibit of later species, later species might tolerate; pioneering species include mosses, then shrubs, alder small trees and then large trees
Metapopulation
when a number of local population are linked; ex: immigration and emigration link the lizards in a pond to other populations of the species, all which make up a metapopulation; local populations in a metapopulation can be thought of as occupying discrete patches off suitable habitat in a sea of unsuitable habitats
Evapotranspiration
the evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants; a function of solar radiating, temperature and water available, is much higher in hot areas with abundant rainfall than in areas with low temperature or low precipitation; (related to: potential evapotranspiration)
Interspecific competition
is a -/- interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival; ex: phragmites that competes with other grasses
Section 6
(38 cards)