Important Terms from Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Part II
Section 1
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What are the two types of short term memory?
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Section 1
(50 cards)
What are the two types of short term memory?
Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)
Differentiate role strain and conflict.
Strain is within while conflict is between.
What does the life course perspective emphasize?
That behaviors learned earlier in life are more likely to be utilized through life.
What does the Thomas theorem most relate to?
If a situation is objectively believed as real (e.g., ghosts are under one's bed), then consequences will be real.
What is learned helplessness?
This is where an individual does not try to escape punishment of another consequence due to repeated exposure to the aversive consequence. Learned helplessness is behaviour exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It is characterized by the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness
What are two words associated with episodic memory?
Context and time Semantic are facts we know
Differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processing.
Top-down is processing based on what is already known (in the brain) then continuing to stimuli. Bottom-up is the opposite, beginning with stimuli then continuing to what is known.
What is the vestibular sense?
Sense of balance and acceleration.
In which ages are the four stages of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?
Birth-2 = Sensorimotor 2-7 = Preoperational 7-11 = Formal operational 11+ = Concrete operational
Intrusion errors often affect which of the following? I. Episodic memory II. Procedural memory III. Echoic memory IV. Semantic memory A. I, II, III, and IV B. I and IV C. I D. III
C.
What are the tenets of McDonaldization of society?
Efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control
What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
Ethnicity refers to culture while race refers to physical characteristics
What is neuroticism?
This is a Big Five trait personality, and it is broadly defined as moodiness and the experience of feelings such as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness.
What does the diathesis-stress model emphasize?
Influence of biological principles and the environment are what cause cognitive dissonance.
What is a dichotic listening track?
It is two different stimuli presented to two different ears at the same time
What does the psychodynamic approach entail?
Human states are inherently to reduce drives
NMDA receptors attract what NT? What type of NT is this?
Glutamate, the primary stimulatory NT
Cross-sectional studies look at what?
Participants viewed at a SINGLE point in time
Differentiate between incentive theory and expectancy-value theory.
Incentive is based entirely based off incentives one may gain. Expectancy-value is motivation is a function of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal.
What is the looking-glass self?
This is our impression of how we believe others view us, rather than how we view ourselves.
What is flashbulb memory? Eidetic memory? Prospective memory
It is subjectively vivid, compelling memories of details associated with reception of news about emotionally arousing events. Eidetic memory is the ability to recall events vividly with only a few instances of exposure. Prospective is remembering to complete certain tasks in the future
What is the functionalist theory of society?
This is a macro-level perspective, as it considers each level of society will contribute in some certain way (its function) to maintain societal cohesiveness.
What is motion parallax?
Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us.
Differentiate between object permanence, conservation, egocentrism, and centration. When are each developed?
Object permanence is knowledge that objects are present even when not visible. Develops after sensorimotor. Conservation is conservation of spatial volumes/dimensions in another scenario. Develops after preoperational. Egocentrism is knowledge that others have minds and thoughts. Develops after preoperational. Centration is tendency to focus on one aspect of an idea. Develops after preoperational.
Differentiate between conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder.
Conversion is when a medical condition occurs because of a traumatic event but there is no medical explanation (e.g., blindness because of a car crash but no damage to optic nerve or other sense). Somatic symptom is anxiety or fixation on a potential negative medical condition.
What is perceptual maladaptation?
Trait that is more harmful than helpful.
Primary groups include which of the following? I. Friends at a small, select celebration II. Family members at a birthday party III. Co-workers whom you have worked with for many years IV. A transient office meeting A. I B. II and IV C. I, II, and III D. IV
C.
What is elaboration likelihood processing?
Processing based on CENTRAL or PERIPHERAL routes.
Is social capital related to SES? If not, what is it?
No, it is related to the benefits made through social network connections
Differentiate between central and peripheral details.
Central is important, key details while peripheral are less important, potentially.
What is generalizability of scientific studies?
Ability to apply to general, non-lab conditions and the wider population.
What does the Myer-Briggs inventory entail?
Use of four different primary traits and then splitting between these
In which hemisphere of the brain is language processing, production, and comprehension?
The temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
What is the medulla oblongata required for? The pons?
It is required for autonomic function The pons is similar, as it is the brainstem.
Symbolic interactionism is closely related to what?
Studying social practices and rituals.
When individuals agree to the same behavior as part of a cohesive in-group, what are they exhibiting?
Groupthink
Which NT is involved in appetite and mood?
Serotonin
What is sensory interaction?
Interactions between senses (such as sight and balance)
PET scans do what?
Image metabolism or blood areas in regions of the brain
What is ethnographic research?
Observing social interactions in a real social setting
What is priming?
A change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect.
Parallel processing states what can be processed at the same time?
Temporal, spatial, and frequency information
What are the three specific stages of general adaptation syndrome? What is it, in general?
This explains the human response to stress in three stages. These are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
What will most likely result in learned helplessness?
A punishment that a participant cannot escape
What is shaping in regard to conditioning?
Reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior until it is performed.
What is social constructionism?
The view that nothing has value or meaning until we GIVE it value or meaning (i.e., money is just paper until we assign it value as a society)
Differentiate between self-verification, self-efficacy, and self-serving bias.
Self-verification is when people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves, that is self-views. Self efficacy is the belief in one's ability to complete goals. Self-serving bias is attributing positive effects to internal character and negative effects to outside forces of control.
What does the biopsychosocial approach entail?
The intersection of biological, social, and psychological factors on a particular variable.
Priming (negative, specifically) requires the use of which memory process?
Procedural (implicit long-term memory), as subconscious actions must be subverted
What are the two types of long-term memory? What are synonyms for these types of memory? How can these be further subdivided?
Explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) Explicit can be further divided into semantic and episodic
Section 2
(3 cards)