Section 1
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Date created
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Cards (100)
Section 1
(50 cards)
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame or doubt
Superego
The conscience Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers
Operant conditioning
Skinner -a method of influencing behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones -Positive and negative reinforcement- a number line for Reinforcement punishment decreases likelihood to repeat Operations to get desired behavior
Scientific Beginnings
Darwin Theory of evolution Hall, Gesell Normative approach Binet Mental testing movement
Developmental science: understanding _____ and _____ throughout the lifespan.
Biological Psychological Social
stages
qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize periods of developments
psycho-social theory
Erikson -8 stages-emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual and active, contributing member of society Erikson has 8 stages
Piaget's stages
Cognitive Development 1. sensorimotor stage: birth-2 -senses 2. preoperational stage: 2-7- symbols 3. concrete operations stage: 7-12 - hypothetical stages of brain development
cognitive-developmental theory
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world Mental structures adapt to better fit with environment. Development moves through four broad stages. Piaget, Vygotsky, information processing theory
developmental science
a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.eg. sex, race, eye color
Classical conditioning
Stimulus-response
Nuture
Physical and social forces Influences bio and psychological development. personality can be modified by care-giving experience
dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. Effect What you are measuring eg the blood pressure
nature-nurture controversy
the questions of whether genetic or environmental factors are more important to developments
sensorimotor
birth to 2yrs): the babys use of the senses and movements to explore the world experiencing the world through senses and actions-looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping. Begin basic language
ID
Largest portion of the mind Unconscious, present at birth Source of biological needs/desires The pleasure principal
jean Piaget cognitive development
equilibration- a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
discontinuous
a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times suddenly eg. Erickson's stages
behaviorism
directly observable events- stimuli and responses- are the appropriate focus of study 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus-response 2. Operant conditioning -Reinforcers and punishments-Skinner 3. Social learning theory Social-cognitive approach
contexts
unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
age-graded influences
events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last example Is 16 get a drivers license or gestation is pregnancy and 12 months
Concrete operational
7-12 yrs): School age -the school-age child engages in more organized, logical reasoning . very black and white and concreate. Know that objects are larger and what is heavier and which odd shaped has more
Formal operational
-12-adult years): -systematic reasoning of adolescents and adults -thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.
history-graded influences
explain why people born around the same time-called a cohort- tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. e.-Grew up in depression then fix it don't throw it away or war or 2008 housing crisis
normative approach
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development Hall, Gesell
Nature
Hereditary info, from parents at conception eg personality
Ego
Conscious, rational part of personality Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways
Early Scientific theory
Theory of evolution-Darwin -Natural selection -Survival of the fittest Normative approach-Hall, Gesell -Child study movement -Development as a maturational process Mental testing movement-Binet -First successful intelligence test -In forefront of nature-nurture controversy
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality
Id Largest portion of the mind Unconscious, present at birth Source of biological needs/desires Pleasure principle Ego Conscious, rational part of personality Emerges in early infancy Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways. Reality principle Superego The conscience Develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers. Ruled by morals and values
non normative influences
events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable. eg. Recession when everyone lost their homes and people went back to school
social learning theory
by Bandura, emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning as a powerful source of development Contributions: behavior modification modeling, observational learning Limitations: narrow view of environmental influences and underestimates individual's active role
continuous
a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
Hall and Gesell
created a system of measuring behavior in order to understand "average" or typical development as a function of age, allowing Gesell to write about the needs of children at certain ages and offer parenting advice an attempt to solve intercultural problems
plasticity
Development is open to lifelong change Change occurs based on response to influential experiences
Stability
Persistence of individual differences Lifelong patterns established by early experiences
theory
an orderly, integrated set of statements and ideas that 1. describes-what I observe, 2.explains-cause and effects, and 3.predicts behavior-predicts outcome of an individual
Influences on Development
Multiple, interacting forces: Age-graded History-graded Non-normative
lifespan perspective
four assumptions make up this broader view; that development is (1) lifelong-physical, cognitive, emotional, social (2) multidimensional and multi-directional,-branching (3) highly plastic-neuroplaticity, and (4) affected by multiple, interacting forces
behavior modification
consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
Albert Bandura
social learning 1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in social learning theory and observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play They can watch reward and punishment of others
psycho-sexual theory
emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development Oral - 0 to 18 months Anal- 18 to 36 months (3 years Phallic - 3 to 6 Latency- 6 to puberty Genital - puberty Freud's Theory of Development: con- it stops at puberty and too sexual
Periods of Development
Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and toddler-hood Birth-2 years Early childhood 2-6 years Middle childhood 6-11 years Adolescence 11-18 years Early adulthood 18-40 years Middle adulthood 40-65 years Late adulthood 65 years-death
psychoanalytic perspective
Freud and Erikson people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety
Stanley Hall
Hall, Gesell Normative approach American psychologist who established first research lab and American Psychological Association.
pre-operational stage
2-6yrs): Preschool -characterized by symbolic but illogical thinking -representing things with words and images; using initiative rather than logical reasoning. Egocentric lack conservation of volume and think taller glass has more
independent variable
The varible you change to see how it will effect the dependent variable factor that changes in an experiment A researcher wants to know whether noise level affects workers blood pressure. In one group, she varies the levels of noise in the environment and records participants blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the
Binet
Mental testing movement French psychologist who wanted to identify French schoolchildren needing special attention; devised "mental age" Developed the idea of an intelligence quotient First IQ test
resilience
Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development Factors in resilience: personal characteristics - warm parental relationship -social support outside family - community resources and opportunities
Normative approach
Hall, Gesell - An approach to development in which measures of behaviour are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
passive corelation
Section 2
(50 cards)