Section 1
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hierarchy of needs
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (76)
Section 1
(50 cards)
hierarchy of needs
physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
implicit personality tests
moves away from self-reporting and uses reaction times to assess thoughts; relies on quantitative data collection stroop test: read color of words, not the word themselves emotional stroop test: if you pause on emotionally loaded words
individual psychology
approach to study personality of a person as a whole rather than separate parts (id/ego/superego)
psychoanalysis
talking about mother, sexual fantasy, etc. to psychoanalyst to get at the unconscious
carl jung's breakaway
personal unconscious didn't contain basis instincts Freud proposed (the id); people possess personality traits as a result of a collective unconscious --> archetypes
phallic stage
3-6 years; genital/gender exploration; penis envy, genital/gender exploration; castration fear
shortcomings of big 5
not a good predictor of other cultures (only English language) too few variables (religion not covered) too many variables (variables are positively/negatively correlated) not good predictor of specific behaviors
MBTI: myers-briggs indicator
puts people into 4 categories and gives people impression they're on a dichotomy
psychodynamic movement
biological mechanisms are behind all thoughts and behaviors
gordon allport
first trait psychologist; had a "breakthrough moment" away from Freud and had theories of personality but was rejected (understand individual differences by looking at how they play out in situations, not through the source) states: momentary reactions to situations that are a direct result of social environment traits: stable behaviors that occur across situations and time (a) cardinal traits: traits that are pervasive enough in that they dominate one's personality or life (b) central traits: traits that cover a number of behaviors but aren't the dominant feature of one's life (c) secondary dispositions: traits that manifest themselves only on rare occasions and play a minimal role in one's life
ego
conscious force that we develop in social world and operates on the reality principle
clinical psychology
assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems assessment therapy/treatment counseling research
TIPI test
shortened NEO PI-R with less reliability and validity
abraham maslow
rough upbringing; said that person has to meet "needs" before achieving self-actualization; struggles have impact on formation of personality
anal stage
18-36 months; potty training focus; anal retentiveness
alfred adler's breakaway
disagreed with Freud's sex theory and formed branch of psychology called individual psychology
alfred adler's ideas
personality based upon attempts to pursue strengths and make up for shortcomings (a) striving for superiority: desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment (b) inferiority complex: exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequacy & helplessness due to accessing a lack in skill
free assocation
reel off string of terms that ask to come up with what first came to mind
id
unconscious force that constantly seeks satisfaction of basic needs; driven to pursue regardless of conflicts caused by society
"learning approach" to personality
our personality is the result of our recognized membership in groups, our roles in these groups, and the norms of the groups (gender roles, racial and cultural norms, family traditions) --> we start to associate with the "images"/groups *personality might not match with the group, but behaviors do anchoring effect: our judgment of personality levels can be impacted by those around us & our own experiences
1960s/1970s cognitive movement
alternative to Adler and Rogers and went along with the social cognitive approach: how to differentiate individuals through traits and how this creates different outcomes
big 5 & development
age: more stability and start with high neuroticism and openness to experience, which drops overtime generations: changes in extraversion & openness; impact of social movements and media children: big 7 with addition of sociability and activity levels elderly: big 3 with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and hybrid of extraversion, openness to experience and neuroticism
actual self
person we are
social cognitive approach to personality
individuals are constantly working to understand the environment, so who you are is a byproduct of thoughts and cognitions; you develop personality for social environments (interacting with environment to obtain things we learn we want)
albert bandura
modeling: process of developing behaviors based on observation of others & outcomes of their experiences bobo doll experiment: kid's imitation of adult's behaviors --> mimics the violence
hypnosis
introduced by jean charcot; altered state of consciousness that gets at the unconscious
determinants of personality traits
GENES: specific genes not linked to specific personality characteristics but twin studies have shown genes have impact on personality
work on the big 5
allport & odbert found 18,000 words in dictionary --> cattell removed synonyms and antonyms for 35 traits --> costa & mccrae conducted factor analyses to remove overlap for big 5
barnum effect
tell somebody something vague and flattering about themselves and they'll believe it
traits
a distinguishable character or quality that can be used to describe consistent behaviors in an individual debate: if we should treat each one trait and uniquely, how many traits are there? universal set of traits?
dream interpretation
diagnose what they're dreaming about since dreams are paths into the unconsciousness
"freudian slips"
slips of the mind that revealed your thoughts
unconscious
thoughts or experiences we're unaware of that influence our behaviors
big 5
openness to experience: tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences and new ideas conscientiousness: tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, strive to achievement and competence extraversion: tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy company of others agreeableness: tendency to be compassionate toward others neuroticism: tendency to experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily
archetypes
vague, existential & spiritual images found within personality; some inherited from ancestor's experiences and some unique to individual
libido
psychosexual energy that is insatiable sexual drive that comes in different forms throughout lifetime
latency stage
6-puberty; no libido
NEO PI-R: neo personality inventory-revised
costa & mccrae to determine where people are on big 5 by asking about different facets on LIKERT SCALE which measures least to most
superego
preconscious force that's only goal is to push us to do what's right (society standards); conflicts against id
reality principle
seeking to satisfy id (unconscious) and superego (preconscious) in realistic ways
carl rogers
theory of personality (and clinical psychology) focused on positive aspects: (a) humanistic approach: people are constantly striving for betterment & to reach point of accurate self representation and a point self-actualization (b) self-actualization: achievement of one's full potential that results in great accomplishments and is obtained through alignment of selves (rarely achieved)
conscious
thoughts or experiences we're aware of that influence our behaviors
psychodynamic theory
personality is based upon interplay of conflicting forces within individuals in mind and body (source of forces is id, ego, superego)
walter mischel
student of george kelly (cognitive approach to psychology) studied cognitions we develop that form personality (expectations of results and interpretations of situations) competencies: skill sets available to deal with social situations; combination of competencies predicted behavior delay of gratification: ability to withstand temptation to achieve a greater reward (marshmallow study) early comparisons: competencies carried over to other abilities later comparisons: competencies last a long time
personality
all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from and is similar to that of others, especially in social situations specific behaviors signify specific personalities for the most part
"MMPI" test: minnesota multiphase personality test
true/false questions on whether or not statements that looks at personality and disorders; developed empirically and fairly reliable; most widely used by psychologists!
genital stage
puberty +; maturation of sexual interest; sexual issues
oral stage
0-18 months; mouth-centered stimulation; oral fixations
ideal self
person we want to become
projective techniques
getting at people's personality by having them theoretically project their personality onto vague and ambiguous stimulus to get at hidden traits rorschach inkblots TAT: thematic apperception test which asks you to come up with context of picture handwriting analysis
Section 2
(26 cards)