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C165 - Integrated Physical Sciences - Learning Objectives

C165 - Integrated Physical Sciences - Learning Objectives

memorize.aimemorize.ai (lvl 286)
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36 cards
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Section 1

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Explain how differential heating, convection, and Earth's rotation cause matter in the atmosphere to move?

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (36)

Section 1

(36 cards)

Explain how differential heating, convection, and Earth's rotation cause matter in the atmosphere to move?

Front

Differential heating - Air masses warm up molecules move apart and become less dense Convection - Denser air sinks, pushing lighter air upward. The motion of matter that results from differences in density Earth's rotation - Earth rotates, air moving from the equator toward the poles, and from the poles toward the equator does not move in a straight line north-south. Instead, air moving from the equator toward the poles veers eastward, while air moving from the poles toward the equator veers westward. As a result, there are three convection cells in in each hemisphere, rather than just one

Back

How do the fossil and rock record provide information about Earth's history?

Front

The sedimentary rock record preserves many clues about Earth's history, organisms, and past environmental conditions

Back

Describe different types of chemical bonding

Front

Ionic Bonds - A strong, attractive force occurs between the two ions because one is positively charged and the other is negatively charged, and the unlike charges are attracted to one another Covalent Bond - When two nonmetals react, neither one fully transfers electrons to the other. Instead they share electrons. It is this sharing of electrons that provides the attractive force that holds the atoms togethe Metallic Bond - When metal atoms are bonded, the valence electrons move about freely from one metal atom to another in what is described as an "electron sea."

Back

Describe the major components of the solar system

Front

Sun - Forms the center of the solar system Planet - a large, spherical object that orbits a star Asteroids - very small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun Moon - A naturally formed object that orbits a planet Comets - Relatively small, icy, dusty bodies that travel around the sun in very elliptical orbits

Back

What is the hydrologic cycle?

Front

A continuous exchange of water among atmosphere, the earth, and water bodies

Back

Describe the role of gravity in the formation of astronomical objects

Front

An attractive force between all objects in the universe. Stars, planets, and galaxies form through a process called gravitational collapse, in which matter is drawn toward the center of a mass

Back

How are topography and natural hazard risk related to plate boundaries?

Front

Because most volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, scientists can better predict the potential for volcano and earthquake hazards by studying the locations of plate boundaries

Back

Identify applications of electromagnetic radiation

Front

Electromagnetic radiation (EM) can be found in different forms. There are Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared radiation, visible light, X-rays, Gamma rays

Back

Describe the properties of waves

Front

A wave is a repeating and periodic disturbance (oscillation) that travels from one location to another, transferring energy. Waves consist of an oscillation and equilibrium.

Back

Earth's Layers

Front

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Back

How are common land forms produced?

Front

Created and altered throughout the course of weathering, erosion, and deposition

Back

What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory and law

Front

Hypothesis - A testable statement of how something in nature works. It is intended to be tested. Theory - A statement that explains a wide range of observations and that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence. Law - A concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments and descibes a widespread pattern in nature.

Back

What is the difference between chemical and physical changes?

Front

Physical change is when matter changes in appearance but not in chemical composition Chemical change is when chemical bonds are formed or broken in a process called a chemical reaction

Back

Describe the main methods of science

Front

Consists of observations and data gathering through controlled experiments, observational studies (field studies), laboratory experiments, physical models, conceptual models, mathematical models, conceptual models, computer models

Back

What are appropriate scientific measurement techniques and units?

Front

Length - base unit is meter symbol is 'm' Mass - base unit is kilogram symbol is 'kg' Time - base unit is second symbol is 's' Temperature - base unit is kelvin symbol is 'K'

Back

Explain why the Earth has seasons

Front

The tilt of the Earth on it's axis as it orbits the Sun. Tilt and revolution cause seasons.

Back

What is the general structure of an atom?

Front

Made up of three different kinds of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, electrons

Back

Explain how phase changes occur when thermal energy is added or removed from a substance

Front

Adding or subtracting thermal energy from a substance can result in the heating up or cooling down of that substance resulting in a phase change of that substance. Example: Water - Addition of thermal energy results in steam. Subtraction of thermal energy results in ice.

Back

What are the macroscopic properties of solids, liquids and gases?

Front

Solid - Particles are close together and cannot move about Liquid - Particles move faster and farther apart Gases - Particles are far apart and move very quickly and randomly

Back

Distinguish sound waves and electromagnetic waves

Front

Sound waves are mechanical waves, meaning that they can travel only through matter. In contrast, electromagnetic waves (such as visible light, radio waves, and gamma rays) can travel through a vacuum. A second difference that we have discussed already is that sound waves are longitudinal waves, but electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

Back

What is the difference between the fields of physics, chemistry and earth science?

Front

Physics - Study of forces and energy Chemistry - Study of atoms and molecules, their structures and interactions with substances Earth science - Study of Earth's structure and composition as well as the processes that change the Earth

Back

Describe the basic organization of the periodic table

Front

Elements are arranged into seven rows and 18 columns. Each row is called a period, and each column is called a group

Back

How do scientific ideas change over time?

Front

Models, laws and theories are rooted in evidence based on observation and experience. If new and well-accepted evidence contradicts a law or theory, the law or theory must be changed or replaced.

Back

Describe motion in terms of speed, velocity, and acceleration

Front

Speed determines how fast an object is moving Velocity determines how fast and in what direction an object is moving Acceleration occurs when an object speeds up, slows down and/or changes direction

Back

How do you apply the law of conservation of linear momentum to simple systems?

Front

The law of conservation of energy applies to both energy transformation and energy transfer. In other words, the total amount of energy is always the same, even if the energy changes form or moves from one place to another. Whether energy is transformed, transferred, or stored, the total amount of energy in a system remains the same.

Back

What is the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

Front

Element - a substance that is composed of a single type of atom. Compound - a chemical that contains at least two different types of atoms in a fixed ratio Mixture - a combination of two or more pure substances (a pure substance only contains one type of compound or element)

Back

How does a rock change from one type into another?

Front

The various processes that change rocks from one form to another make up the rock cycle. The rock cycle is just that—a cycle. It has no beginning and no ending

Back

How to Newton's laws of motion apply to simple systems

Front

First Law - A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless it is acted upon by an external force. (Mass and inertia) Second Law -Describes what happens to a massive body when it is acted upon by an external force. Third Law - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. What happens when a body exerts force upon another body.

Back

What are the basic causes of weather phenomena?

Front

Air masses and their interactions with each other are the primary causes of different weather patterns Front - boundary between two or more air masses Warm front - leading edge of a moving mass of warm air that pushes into a mass of cold air Cold front - the leading edge of a moving mass of cold air that pushes into an area of warm air High pressure and low pressure systems

Back

How does the law of conservation of energy apply to a given scenario?

Front

energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or converted from one form to another. Example turning on a flashlight energy is converted to light and also a small amount is converted into thermal energy.

Back

Describe examples of climate change caused by natural variations and human activity

Front

Natural variations: Earth's orbit and tilt Geology Living organisms Impacts Climate and Recent Past Climate change and global warming Human Activity: Respiration Human influence on the planet such as cutting down rain forests, increase use of energy consumption

Back

Identify different forms of energy

Front

Kinetic energy - energy objects have because they are moving Potential energy - energy that is stored

Back

Explain how work and energy are related

Front

work results in the displacement of an object in the direction of an applied force. Therefore if you pick up a box and put it on a shelf you are working. If you are reading you are not working because you are not exerting force on on an object. Work is a transfer of energy

Back

How do gravity and friction apply to common situations?

Front

Gravity acting on an object causing friction which acts as opposition to the object it is acting on. In the case of a ball that is kicked. Friction is the force that will eventually bring that ball to a stop.

Back

Apply the law of conservation of matter to chemical and physical changes

Front

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another through physical or chemical changes

Back

What is the general composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere?

Front

nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%) Layers: Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

Back