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AP Biology Chapter 17

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Section 1

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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Biology Science

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (47)

Section 1

(47 cards)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front

transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome

Back

Transcription Initiation Complex

Front

complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to promoter

Back

Deletion

Front

losses of nucleotide pairs in gene

Back

Wobble

Front

flexible base pairing at third site in codon

Back

Promoter

Front

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

Back

Anticodon

Front

nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA

Back

Template Strand

Front

DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript

Back

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Front

brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane

Back

Transcription

Front

-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus in eukaryotes -parent template strand read 3' to 5'

Back

Frameshift Mutations

Front

-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message

Back

Missense Mutations

Front

-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions

Back

TATA Box

Front

common promoter DNA sequence

Back

Introns

Front

noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions

Back

Triplet Code

Front

genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words

Back

Mutations

Front

-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms

Back

5' Cap

Front

modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm

Back

Polyribosomes

Front

-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly

Back

Point Mutations

Front

-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations

Back

rRNA

Front

makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis

Back

poly-A Tail

Front

-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm

Back

RNA splicing

Front

removal of large portions of RNA molecule initially synthesized

Back

Signal Peptide

Front

-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion

Back

Spliceosome

Front

interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron

Back

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Front

made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits

Back

Transcription Factors

Front

proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription

Back

Alternative RNA Splicing

Front

many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes

Back

Release Factor

Front

protein that binds to stop codon @ A site

Back

Codons

Front

mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction

Back

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases

Front

-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome

Back

RNA Processing

Front

spliceosomes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm

Back

Ribozymes

Front

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

Back

RNAi

Front

Interference RNA

Back

Reading Frame

Front

grapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language

Back

Gene Expression

Front

process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins

Back

E Site (exit site)

Front

where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome

Back

snRNA

Front

small nuclear RNA

Back

Ribosomes

Front

-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

Back

Translation

Front

-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm

Back

Insertions

Front

additions of nucleotide pairs in gene

Back

Exons

Front

nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences

Back

Primary Transcript

Front

initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein

Back

P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)

Front

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

Back

Nonsense Mutation

Front

-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene

Back

A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)

Front

holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain

Back

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front

RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell, -made in 5' to 3'

Back

RNA Polymerase

Front

-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed

Back

Base Pair Substitutions

Front

replacement of one nucleotide and its partner w/ another pair of nucleotides

Back