Section 1
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Explain the concept of twos compliment and it's implication.
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Explain the concept of twos compliment and it's implication.
1) Two's complement is used to get the negative of a number. 2) Take the opposite of all digits and add one to the least significant digit. Ex: 0111 = 7 Opposite: 1000 Add one: + 1 ————— 1001 = -7
What does Big-O determine about a program?
Describes the upper bound or worst-case on the algorithms performance
Hardware: What does the graphics card do?
Controls Graphics ()
What are the steps of the instruction execution cycle?
1) Fetch: Retrieve the instruction from memory. 2) Decode: Interprets what's the instruction is. 3) Fetch Operands: Is data is needed, get it 4) Execute: Run the instruction (preform operation) 5) Store: Store the result and update internal states
What is used to go from Assembly language to Machine language?
Assembler
What does it mean to analyze an algorithm?
1) How much time it will take 2) How many resources will it use? (Memory, communication, time)
How is binary addition done?
1) Adding a 0 + 1 will result in a one. 2) Adding a 1 + 1 will result in 2; so put a zero and carry the one over the next two numbers. 1 1 Ex: 0 1 1 0 6₁₀ + 0 0 1 1 Check: 3₁₀ —————- ———- 1 0 0 1 9₁₀
In Big-O, do we study the algorithm or the implementation?
Algorithm
What are the 3 main steps of an Assembler?
1) ASCII Source File 2) Assembler reads source file and produces object file 3) Linker checks libraries based on object file
What is data stored as?
Binary (001010101000011110)
What are the different types of busses?
1) Data bus 2) Control bus 3) Address
Can you do the equation 1101.1001 = ?₁₀
No, because 1101.1001 does not have a base
Why should be learn Assembly Language?
It gives us complete control over the computer
How can we determine a computers speed?
How fast a set of instructions run.
Hardware: What does the motherboard do?
Bridge that puts everything together
for Signed binary numbers, how are they represented as positive or negative?
1) If the most significant bit (the first integer) is 0, it's positive. 2) If the most significant bit (the first integer) is 1, it's negative.
Is Assembly language "Portable"? (Can be written on one machine and run on another [ex: Windows to Mac]). Explain why or why not.
No, it is not portable. It is not portable because of the 1-to-1 matching to the processors machine language.
Hardware: What is memory, and what would happen if the power were to go out?
Memory is volatile (temporary) storage. If the power goes out, it is gone.
What factors affect a computers speed?
1) High-level code 2) Compiler 3) Instruction set 4) Hardware speed
How do you get from a Base 10 number to a base 2 number? Ex: 5₁₀ = ?₂
Divide by 2 until the Quotient is Zero, while converting the remainders to binary. (Mult them by 2) Ex: 5/2 = 2.5 2/2 = 1.0 1/2 = 0.5☑️ Remainders: .5 * 2 = 1 .0 * 2 = 0 .5 * 2 = 1 Reverse them to get binary! 101 —> (Add Zero in front to get 4 bytes) 0101 ☑️
What is Machine Language?
A numeric language (binary or hexadecimal) understood by the processor.
What does the control unit do?
Controls the sequencing of steps involved in executing an instruction.
What is the difference between a program and data?
Program: A set of data that consists of a series of instructions to control the operation of a computer.
What is the difference between Signed numbers and Unsigned numbers?
Signed numbers can have a negative value. Unsigned are only positive (Including Zero)
What does the Clock do?
The clock synchronizes all the steps in the computer. Also known as the "heartbeat" of the computer
Can different processors have different assembly languages?
Yes they can.
What is a Cache hit?
when the CPU found the data/instruction cache
How many clock cycles does a single read of memory take?
4 cycles
What is the ALU?
The workhorse, does all of the calculations.
What are the 4 parts of the CPU?
1) Control Unit 2) Clock 3) Arithmic clock (ALU) 4) Register
How is Hexadecimal addition done?
Same as Binary addition, except taking letters into effect. A₁₆ + 3₁₆ —————— D₁₆
What is Data?
Quantities, characters or symbols on which operations can be performed by a computer or can be stored by the computer
What is Assembly Language?
the most basic programming language available for any processor.
What is Big-Ω?
Gives the lower band (it will run in at LEAST this time)
What is a decision problem?
A problem that will only yield a "yes" or "no"
What is the base of hexadecimal?
Base 16
Hardware: What is the hard-drive, and what happens if the power goes out?
The Hard-drive is long-term storage, and will remain even if the power goes out.
Using Big-O notation: Size = N int foo (int * a, int size, int t) { for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { if (a[i] == t) return I; } return -1; }
Answer: O(n) nothing is happening that makes it quadratic
When determining Computability, what are the three main categories, as well as what they mean?
1) Tractable (Solved in an efficient way) 2) Intractable (Can be solved, not efficiently) 3) Uncomputable (Cannot be computed)
How do you convert an Unsigned Decimal to a Hexadecimal?
1) Take the number that is Base 10 and divide it by 16 until the quotient is 0. Ex: 235/16 = 14.6875 14/16 = 0.875 0 ☑️ 2) Multiply the remainders by 16. if the number exceeds 9, convert it to its hexadecimal corespondent. Ex: Remainders: (.6875) * 16 = 11 = B (.875) * 16 = 14 = E 3) Reverse the remainders to get the answer. Ex: BE —> EB☑️
How do you convert an Unsigned Hexadecimal to a decimal?
1) Write the number in reverse order. Ex: ABC123 —> 321CBA 2) Convert the letter to its numerical value, if necessary. Ex: 3, 2, 1, 12, 11, 10 3) From left to right, multiply by 16 to the power of n + 1 (starting at zero). Ex: 3 (16^0) + 2 (16^1) + 1 (16^2) + 12 (16^3) ... + 10(16^5) 4) Add the result! Ex: 3 + 32 + 256 + 49,152 ... + 10,485,760 = Answer: 11256099☑️
How do you convert an Unsigned Binary to Decimal?
1) Reverse the binary number, putting the digit at the end first and so on. Ex: 0000.0001 —> 1000.0000 2) Multiply by 2 with an increasing exponent from 0. Add the products. Ex: 1 (2^0) + 0 (2^1) ... + 0 * (2^7). Answer: 1 ☑️
What does the term "Instruction set" refer to?
A program
What is one difference between a 32-bit system and a 64-bit system?
In a 32-bit, an Integer is 4 bytes. in a 64-bit, an Integer is 8 bytes
What are the registers?
High speed storage elements (faster than ram)
What is a bus?
A group of lines (connections) that serves as a connecting path for several devices.
What is used to go from program language to assembly language?
Compiler
Hardware: What does the CPU do?
Does the calculations (Brain of the Computer)
What is the binary representation able? (In an 8 bit number, starting from __ and ending at __)
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
What are the 16 Digits of a Hexadecimal?
0-9 and A-F
Section 2
(10 cards)