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Language Structure pt2

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Section 1

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Paradigm

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (22)

Section 1

(22 cards)

Paradigm

Front

the set of forms constituting the inflectional variants of a particular word

Back

Conversion or Functional Shift

Front

a word converted from one category to another category without any changes to it

Back

Shortenings

Front

- ACRONYMS: pronounced as a word - INITIALISMS: like acronyms but just pronouncing letters - BLENDS: words created by combining usually the first sounds of one words with the final sounds of another

Back

Ways to Derive New Words

Front

- affixes - compounds - shortenings - back formation

Back

Compounds

Front

a process of combining existing words to form new words

Back

Isolating Morphology

Front

- each word tends to be a single isolated morpheme - lacks both derivational and inflectional morphology - Chinese, Vietnamese

Back

Inflectional Morphology

Front

- change the FORM of the word (number, case, tense, degree), not lexical category - GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS: possessive, common (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition) - English, Latin

Back

Borrowed Words

Front

word taken from other languages and adapted to the language's own uses

Back

Shifts in Existing Shifts

Front

- CONVERSION or FUNCTIONAL SHIFT: a process by which a word in one lexical category functions in another lexical category WITHOUT DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES (email: noun to verb) - SEMANTIC SHIFT: change in meaning (mouse: animal to computer)

Back

Open Classes of Words

Front

- nouns, verbs, adjectives - change rapidly - not prepositions, pronouns, determiners

Back

Three Principle Ways of Extending Language

Front

- new words can be formed from existing words and word parts - words can be "borrowed" from another language - new words can be made up, created from scratch

Back

Semantic Shift

Front

change in the meaning of a word over time

Back

Affixes

Front

- prefixes - suffixes - reduplication: the process by which a morpheme or part of a morpheme is repeated to create a new word with a different meaning or different category

Back

Closed Classes of Words

Front

- prepositions, pronouns, determiners - change slowly - not nouns, verbs, adjectives

Back

Agglutinating Morphology

Front

- words can have several prefixes and suffixes, but they are distinct and easily segmented - Turkish, Swahili, Gikuyu

Back

Declension

Front

a paradigm with all inflected forms of noun phrase constituents (noun, adjective, determiner)

Back

SVO

Front

SUBJECT, VERB, OBJECT - English word order, not in all languages

Back

Types of Morphological Systems

Front

- isolating - agglutinating - inflectional

Back

Back Formation

Front

creation of a new word by removing an affix from an old word

Back

Neologisms

Front

new words - always OPEN CLASSES of words

Back

Allomorph

Front

- alternative forms of the same meaning (same form, different pronunciation/spelling)

Back

Object of a Preposition

Front

the noun phrase that follows a preposition

Back