Section 1
Preview this deck
CHAIN REACTION
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
1
All-time users
2
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (122)
Section 1
(50 cards)
CHAIN REACTION
- which the fission reaction becomes self-sustaining
15 KG OR 33 LB
- the critical mass of U-235
BETA EMISSION
- the mass number (neutrons plus protons) in the nucleus remains constant because the loss of the neutron is balanced by the formation of a proton
distillation setup
electrolysis setup
PELLETS
- placed end to end in tubes made of a special metal alloy, which in turn are grouped into stainless steel-clad bundles
PRIMARY COOLANT
- an aqueous solution of boric acid, H3BO3
CONTROL RODS
- composed primarily of an excellent neutron absorber such as cadmium or boron, can be slid up or down to absorb fewer or more neutrons
ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL
- he left a mineral near one of these plates and found that the plate's light-sensitive emulsion darkened
92
- the protons of all uranium
RADIOACTIVE DECAY SERIES
- a characteristic pathway of radioactive decay that begins with a radioisotope and progresses through a series of steps to eventually produce a stable isotope
alpha (α)
● is positively charged (2+) and consists of the nucleus of a helium atom, that is, two protons and two neutrons
Gamma Ray (ƴ)
● third type of radiation that frequently accompanies alpha or beta radiation
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
- refers to all the different types of light: visible, infrared, ultraviolet, microwave, and, of course, gamma rays
NONNUCLEAR PORTION
- contains the turbines that run the electrical generator, it also contains the secondary cooling system
BA AND KR
- Uranium-236 immediately splits into two these smaller atoms with the release of three more neutrons
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Inefficiency is always there in spite of the best engineers and most sincere environmentalists
NUCLEAR RADIATION
- refers to the radiation emitted by the nucleus, such as alpha, beta, or gamma radiation
ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL
- French physicist discovered radioactivity
POWER
- the rate at which energy is transferred
URANIUM DIOXIDE (UO2)
- The uranium fuel in the reactor core is in the form of this pellets
distillation
Separating ethyl alcohol (or ethanol ) from water
SECONDARY COOLANT
- the water in the steam generators that does not come in contact with the reactor
ENRICHED URANIUM
- uranium that has a higher percent of U-235 than its natural abundance of about 0.7%
146
- neutrons of more abundant Uranium
CRITICAL MASS
- is the amount of fissionable fuel required to sustain a chain reaction, providing that the fuel is held together long enough for the reaction to proceed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
There are energy losses due to friction and heat leakage
electrolysis
Separate the atoms of water into hydrogen and oxygen
beta (β)
● has a negative electrical charge (1−) and only a tiny bit of mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton or a neutron
URANIUM
- found predominantly as two isotopes
beta (β)
● a high-speed electron emitted out of the nucleus
NUCLEAR REACTOR
- the hot heart of the power station
BORON ATOMS
- absorb neutrons and thus control the rate of fission and the temperature
NEUTRON SPONGES
- is serve as the metal rods interspersed among the fuel elements
ENERGY IS RELEASED
- the total mass of the products is slightly less than the total mass of the reactants
NONNUCLEAR PORTION
- must be connected to some means of removing heat from the coolants
NEUTRONS
- The process of fission usually require this, to initiate it and always releases neutrons
U-235
- The less abundant isotope contains 143 neutrons plus 92 protons
conductivity test
Know how to identify if a particular substance will conduct electricity
MODERATOR
- slowing the speed of the neutrons and making them more effective in causing fission
to purify
purpose of distillation
PRIMARY COOLANT
- absorb the heat generated by the nuclear reaction
9.0x1013 J
- amount of energy released by the explosion of 33,000 tons (33 kilotons) of TNT
Second Law of Thermodynamics
No power plant, no matter how well designed, can completely convert heat energy into work
NUCLEAR FISSION
- is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller ones with the release of energy
RADIOACTIVITY
- spontaneous emission of radiation by certain elements
PRIMARY COOLANT
- a liquid that comes in direct contact with the nuclear reactor to carry away heat
BARIUM (BA)
- element appeared when bombarded uranium with neutrons
U-238
- The mass number of this isotope of uranium is 238, that is, 92 protons plus 146 neutrons
Gamma Ray (ƴ)
● has no charge or mass and is made up of high-energy, short wavelength photons of energy
Section 2
(50 cards)
refined
One of the drawbacks to petroleum is that it must be ____________ before use
Overall reaction
the sum of oxidation and reduction processes
Kinetic energy
is energy due to movement
Heat
is energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object
battery
A device consisting of one or more galvanic cells (or simply cell) that can produce a direct current by converting chemical energy to electrical energy
Biodiesel fuel
use is on the rise. Made from natural, renewable sources (veg oils, animal fats), it can be used as pure fuel or blended with petroleum
petroleum
A complex mixture of thousands of different compounds
Methyl tert-butyl ether
a gasoline additive used as oxygenate (reduces carbon dioxide and soot. PAHs are also reduced) and to raise the octane number
Bomb calorimeters
can be used to determine the heat of combustion
ethanol
Fuels that have been extracted from plants and crops
Heat
is a consequence of motion at the molecular level;
hydrocarbon
Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only
Temperature
determines the direction of heat flow
electrolytic cell
is the opposite galvanic cell
coal
Some samples contain trace of silicon, sodium, calcium, aluminium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, lead and mercury
battery
A collection of several galvanic cells wired together constitutes a true _____________
Ethanol
is renewable, but more expensive than gasoline. It takes more energy to produce a gallon of ethanol than you will obtain from burning it.
Electrical energy
is converted to chemical energy
Losses electron
Process of oxidation
Hydrocarbon fuels (CH4)
like methane, burn in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
Bond energy
is the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond
Overall efficiency
the product of the efficiencies in individual steps
combustion
released in this process called
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of the universe is increasing
Oxygenated gasolines
are blends of petroleum derivative hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing MTBE, ethanol or methanol
Potential energy
is energy due to position or composition
petroleum
is partially decomposed organic matter is partially decomposed organic matter
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed,but may be transformed from one form to another
energy changes
are due to the rearrangement of the atoms of the reactants and products; it is the breaking and forming of bonds that dictates if a reaction will be endothermic or exothermic
Coking
converts the heaviest tarry crude oil "bottoms" into useful gasoline and diesel fuel and leaves behind a residue of almost pure carbon
first law of thermodynamics
The energy of the universe is constant or, energy can neither be created nor destroyed; but it can be converted from one form to another
coal
A complex mixture of substances, not a single compound
petroleum
Liquid that makes it easy to pump to the surface from its underground reservoir, transported through pipelines
Distillation
a separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and vapors are condensed and collected
Gain electron
Process of reduction
galvanic cell (battery)
A device that converts the energy released in a spontaneous chemical reaction into electrical energy
Coal
is a complex mixture of substances. Although not a single compound, coal can be approximated by the chemical formula C135H96O9NS
Catalytic cracking
valuable energy is saved when catalysts are used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures
Work
is movement against a force (w = f x d)
temperature
is a measure of the average speed of that motion
ENDOTHERMIC
reactions will have products higher in energy (DE will be positive) than the reactants; there will still be a required activation energy
Half reaction
a type of chemical equation that shows the gain or loss of electrons.
REFORMULATED GASOLINES (RFG)
oxygenated gasoline that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene found in non-oxygenated gasoline
petroleum
More concentrated energy source than coal: 40-60% more energy per gram, major component: gasoline
PAHs
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons produces cancers
Oxygenated gasolines
Burn more cleanly by producing less carbon monoxide
Thermal cracking
heating the starting materials to a high temperature
EXOTHERMIC
When energy is released during the course of a chemical reaction, it is said to be an _______________ reaction
petroleum
Majority are hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons in petroleum can contain from 1 to 60 carbon atoms per molecule
Activation energy
is the energy required to initiate the reaction
Section 3
(22 cards)