Section 1
Preview this deck
Balanced Budget
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (289)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Balanced Budget
When a government spends exactly as much as it takes in.
Affirmative Action
Remedial action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women.
Antitrust Legislation
Federal laws (starting with the sherman act of 1890) that tried to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade.
American Exceptionalism
The view that the united states is a positively unique country now and in world history.
Authorization
A formal declaration by a congressional committee that a certain amount of money is available to an agency.
527 Organization
A political group organized under section 527 of the irs code whose acceptance of, and spending, of money on election activities are not limited (so long as they are not spent on broadcast ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election in which clearly identified candidate is referred to and a relevant electorate is targeted).
Antifederalists
Opponents of ratification of the constitution and of a strong central government, generally.
Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act (BCRA)
A law passed in 2002 that banned soft money, put limits on issue advertising, and increased the amount people can donate to candidates; also called the mccain-feingold bill.
Agency Representation
A type of representation in which the representative is seen as an agent, acting on behalf of the district, who is held accountable if he or she does not do as the constituents wish.
Appointment Power
The president's power to appoint people to key federal offices.
Affirm
An action by the supreme court to uphold a ruling by a lower court; that ruling is now the legally binding one.
American Dream
The widespread belief that the united states is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success.
Bicameral
Consisting of two legislative houses. (House of representatives and senate)
Bicameral Legislature
A legislature with two houses.
Absolutism
The belief that the government should have all the power and be able to do whatever it wants.
Amendment
Addition to the constitution. Require approval by two-thirds of both houses of congress and three-quarters of the states. The first 10 make up the bill of rights.
Bicameralism
The principle of a two-house legislature.
Anarchism
The belief that there should be no governments.
Administrative Discretion
Authority given by congress to the federal bureaucracy to use reasonable judgment in implementing the laws.
Actual Malice
Knowingly printing falsehoods in order to harm a person's reputation.
Administrative Adjudication
The bureaucratic function of settling disputes by relying on rules and precedents.
Amicus Curiae
Literally, a "friend of the court" brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.
"Our Federalism"
Championed by ronald reagan, presumes that the power of the federal government is limited in favor of the broad powers reserved to the states.
Bilateral
A state acting in cooperation with another state.
Bad-Tendency Rule
A rule to judge if speech can be limited: if the speech could lead to some sort of "evil," it can be prohibited.
Authority
The ability of the government to exercise power without resorting to violence.
Attentive Public
Those citizens who follow public affairs carefully.
Acquisitive Model of Bureaucracy
A view of bureaucracies that argues agency heads seek to expand the size, budget, and power of their agency.
American Conservatism
The belief that freedom trumps all other political considerations; the government should play a small role in people's lives.
Attack Journalism
Journalism that aims to undermine political leaders.
Block Grant
A grant-in-aid with few restrictions or rules about how it can be spent.
Articles Of Confederation
The first governing document of the confederate states drafted in 1777, ratified in 1781, and replaced by the present constitution in 1789.
Blanket Primary
Primary election in which voters may select a candidate from any party for each office. Use the same procedure as general elections.
Absentee Ballot
A ballot, usually sent in the mail, that allows those who cannot go to their precinct on election day to vote.
Appellate Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts.
Bill Of Rights
First 10 amendments to the us constitution. Guarantees personal liberties and limits the powers of the government.
Adversary System
A judicial system in which the court of law is a neutral arena where two parties argue their differences.
Annapolis Convention
A convention held in september 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to congress and the states for what became the constitutional convention.
Bill
A proposed law or policy.
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
The major law banning discrimination against the disabled, it requires employers to make all reasonable accommodations to disabled workers; it passed in 1990.
Bill Of Attainder
Legislative act inflicting punishment, including deprivation of property, without a trial, on named individuals or members of a specific group.
Bipolar System
An international system characterized by two superpowers that roughly balance each other.
Bad Tendency Test
Interpretation of the first amendment that would permit legislatures to forbid speech encouraging people to engage in illegal action.
Agenda-Setting
The power of the media to determine which issues will be discussed and debated.
Authoritarian Regime
A government that can do whatever it wants, without limits.
Autocracy
A regime in which the government holds all the power.
Bipartisanship
A policy that emphasizes a united front and cooperation between the major political parties, especially on sensitive foreign policy issues.
Australian Ballot
A secret ballot printed by the state.
Appropriation
The act of congress formally specifying the amount of authorized money that an agency can spend.
Agency Capture
The gaining of control (direct or indirect) over a government regulatory agency by the industry it regulates.
Section 2
(50 cards)
Budget Resolution
Set of budget guidelines that must pass both houses of congress in identical form by april 15. Guides govt spending for the following fiscal year.
Broad Constructionism
Belief that the constitution should be interpreted loosely when concerning the restrictions it places on federal power.
Civil Society
The network of community relationships that builds social capital.
Civil Service Reform Act Of 1978
Law that updated and reformed the civil service.
Census
A process mandated by the constitution by which the population of the us is officially counted every 10 years. Data is used to help distribute federal money and to reapportion congressional districts.
Categorical-Formula Grants
Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose, such as school lunches or for building airports and highways. These funds are allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, often on a matching basis; that is, the local government receiving the federal funds must put up some of its own dollars. Categorical grants, in addition, provide federal supervision to ensure that the federal dollars are spent as congress wants.
Civil Court
Court in which lawsuits are heard.
Civil Service Reform Act Of 1883
Law that established the federal civil service; also known as the pendleton act.
Bread And Butter Issues
Those political issues are specifically directed at the daily concerns of most working-class americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, and employee benefits.
Bureaucracy
A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures.
Brief
A document submitted to a court that presents one side's argument in a case.
Broadcast Media
Media that is distributed over the airwaves.
Caucus
A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.
Civil War
A war fought within a single country between or among different groups of citizens who want to control the government and do not recognize another group's right to rule.
Class Action Suit
Lawsuit brought by an individual or group of people on behalf of all those similarly situated.
Casework
Work done by a member of congress or his or her staff on behalf of constituents.
Budget Deficit
Condition that arises when federal expenditures exceed revenues.
Caesaropapism
The belief that the powers of church and state should be united in one person.
Central Bank
The institution with the power to implement monetary policy.
Civil Service System
Method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. Replaced the spoils system in the us.
Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka, Kansas
Supreme court case that ended segregation and declared "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional.
Civil Disobedience
Deliberate refusal to obey law or comply with orders of public officials as a means of expressing opposition.
Civic Education
Education geared toward training the young to be good citizens.
Buying Power
One's ability to purchase things; it is undermined by inflation.
Civil Law
A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.
Chief Of State
The ceremonial head of government; in the united states, the president serves as chief of state.
Categorical Grants
Federal aid give to states with strings attached. States must adhere to federally mandated guidelines for spending it.
Blog
A weblog on the internet; the thoughts and opinions of a person or group posted online.
Bob of Wrongs
Just checking to see if you are reading.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private property economic incentives and limited government involvement in the production distribution and pricing of goods and services.
Charter
A document issued by state government granting certain powers and responsibilities to a local government.
Bundling
A tactic in which pacs collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2000) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle," thus increasing the pac's influence.
Civil Rights
Those protections against discrimination by the govt and individuals. Intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation.
Civil Service
Government employees hired and promoted based on merit, not political connections.
Citizen
A legal member of a political unit.
Candidate Appeal
How voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities.
Bureaucrat
A career government employee.
Candidate-Centered Politics
Campaigns and politics that focus on the candidates, not party labels.
Civil Rights Act Of 1964
Federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties and sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, and withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender.
Chief Of Staff
The head of the white house staff.
Cabinet
Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.
Classical Conservatism
A view that arose in opposition to classical liberalism; it claimed that tradition was very valuable, human reason limited, and stability essential.
Civil Liberties
Protections against government power embodied in the bill of rights and similar legislation. Include the right to free speech, exercise of religion, and right to fair trial.
Centralization
The process by which law- and policymaking becomes centrally located.
Civil Rights Cases
Supreme court decision in 1883 that said the fourteenth amendment only made discrimination by government illegal; private citizens could do as they pleased.
Checks And Balances
Constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the three branches of government to check some acts of the others and therefore ensure that no branch can dominate.
Case Law
The collection of court decisions that shape law.
Centralists
People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels.
Central Clearance
Review of all executive branch testimony, reports, and draft legislation by the office of management and budget to ensure that each communication to congress is in accordance with the president's program.
Civil Service Commission
The first federal personnel agency.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Clear-And-Present Danger
A limit on free speech stipulating that speech that constitutes a "clear and present danger" can be banned.
Cloture
A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the senate.
Creative Federalism
During the great society, the marble cake approach of intergovernmental relations.
Collective Action
How groups form and organize to pursue their goals or objectives, including how to get individuals and groups to participate and to cooperate. The term has many applications in the various social sciences such as political science, sociology, and economics.
Conventional Participation
Political participation in activities deemed appropriate by most; includes voting, donating to a campaign, and writing letters to officeholders.
Court Of Appeals
A court with appellate jurisdiction that hears appeals from the decisions of lower courts.
Constitutional Government
A regime in which the use of power is limited by a constitution.
Collective Bargaining
Method whereby representatives of the union and employer determine wages, hours, and other conditions of employment through direct negotiation.
Contract Clause
Clause of the constitution (article i, section 10) originally intended to prohibit state governments from modifying contracts made between individuals; for a while interpreted as prohibiting state governments from taking actions that adversely affect property rights; no longer interpreted so broadly and no longer constraints state governments from exercising their police powers.
Common-Carrier Role
The media's role as an intermediary between the people and the government.
Classical Liberalism
A view that arose in the early modern era in europe; it argues for the value of the individual, the necessity for freedom, the importance of rationalism, and the value of the free market.
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
Congressional agency of budget experts who assess the feasibility of the president's plan and who help create congress's version of the federal budget.
Congressional-Executive Agreement
A formal agreement between a u.S. President and the leaders of other nations that acquires approval by both houses of congress.
Competitive Federalism
Views the national government, 50 states, and thousands of local governments as competing with each other over ways to put together packages of services and taxes. Applies the analogy of the marketplace: we have some choice about which state and city we want to "use", just as we have choices about what kind of telephone service we use.
Confederate System
A system of government with a very weak central government and strong states.
Conference Committee
Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.
Connecticut Compromise
Compromise agreement by states at the constitutional convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.
Community Policing
Assigning police to neighborhoods where they walk the beat and work with churches and other community groups to reduce crime and improve relations with minorities.
Commercial Speech
Advertisements and commercials for products and services; they receive less first amendment protection, primarily to discourage false and misleading ads.
Constitutional Powers
Powers of the president granted explicitly by the constitution.
Continuing Resolution
A measure passed by congress that temporarily funds an agency while congress completes its budget.
Constituent
The residents of a congressional district or state.
Confederation
Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals.
Conservatism
A belief that limited government ensures order competitive markets and personal opportunity.
Corrupt Practices Acts
A series of laws in the early twentieth century that were the first attempts to regulate campaign finance.
Closed Rule
A procedural rule in the house of representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments.
Congressional District
The geographically defined group of people on whose behalf a representative acts in the house of representatives. Reapportioned every 10 years according to new census data. All of equal size.
Common Law
A system of law, originally from england, in which previous decisions guide judges in interpreting the law.
Commerce Clause
The clause in the constitution (ASC 118) that gives congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.
Co-determination
A policy used in some states with strong social democratic parties that forces large corporations to have substantial representation from the workers on the board of directors
Communism
An extreme form of socialism that advocates violent revolution to create a socialist state.
Command/Centrally Planned Economy
An economy where all decisions are made by the government.
Constitutional Democracy
A type of government characterized by limitations on government power spelled out in a constitution.
Constituency
The people in a district represented by a legislator.
Closed Primary
Primary election in which only persons registered in the party holding the primary may vote.
Cooperative Federalism
Stresses federalism as a system of intergovernmental relations in delivering governmental goods and services to the people and calls for cooperation among various levels of government.
Confederacy
A loose relationship among a number of smaller political units.
Closed Shop
A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.
Concurring Opinion
An opinion that agrees with the majority in a supreme court ruling but differs on the reasoning.
Coattail Effect
The boost that candidates may get in an election because of the popularity of candidates above them on the ballot, especially the president.
Commander In Chief
The president's role as leader of all united states military forces. The is one of the executive powers authorized in the constitution.
Credentials Committee
Party officials who decide which delegates may participate in the national convention.
Conformism
A tendency for people to act the same way, watch the same television programs, read the same books, and so on.
Convention Delegate
A party member or official who goes to the national convention to vote for the party's presidential nominee and to ratify the party's platform.
Clear And Present Danger Test
Interpretation of the first amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.
Coalition
A combination of groups of people who work together to achieve a political goal.
Concurrent Powers
Powers that the constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes.
Constitution
A set of rules that govern how power will be distributed and used legitimately in a state.
Constitutional Convention
The convention in philadelphia, may 25 to september 17, 1787, that debated and agreed upon the constitution of the united states.
Comparative Politics
An academic discipline that compares states in order to understand how they work.
Section 4
(50 cards)
De Jure Segregation
Segregation imposed by law.
Deficit
The difference between the revenues raised annually from sources of income other than borrowing and the expenditures of government, including paying the interest on past borrowing.
Discharge Petition
Petition that, if signed by majority of the house of representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.
Critical Election
An election that marks the advent of a realignment.
Democratic Consensus
Widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance and the values that undergird them.
Devolution Revolution
The effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states.
Denial Of Power
Declaring that a certain person or group does not have a particular power.
Deficit Spending
When a government intentionally spends more money than it takes in.
Deregulation
A policy promoting cutbacks in the amount of federal regulation in specific areas of economic activity.
Department
Usually the largest organization in government with the largest mission; also the highest rank in federal hierarchy.
De Facto Segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
Divided Government
Governance divided between the parties, especially when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of congress.
Declaration Of Independence
The document written by thomas jefferson in 1776 that broke the colonies away from british rule.
Dealignment
Weakening of partisan preferences that points to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independents.
Division Of Labor
The practice of dividing a job into smaller component parts and assigning one person or group to do each part.
Defendant
In a criminal action, the person or party accused of an offense.
Devolution
The process of the national government giving responsibilities and powers to state, local, or regional governments.
Dual Federalism
A term used to describe federalism through most of the nineteenth century, in which the federal and state governments each had their own issue areas, that rarely overlapped.
Direct Orders
A technique of congress to establish federal regulations. Direct orders must be complied with under threat of criminal or civil sanction. An example is the equal employment opportunity act of 1972, barring job discrimination by state and local governments on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.
Depression
A severe economic downturn that lasts a long time; more serious than a recession.
Deterrence
Threatening to use military force to prevent another state from taking a particular course of action.
Delegate
An official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of legislator.
Demographics
The study of the characteristics of populations.
Democracy
Rule by the people.
Criminal Court
Court in which criminal trials are heard
Delegated Powers
Constitutional powers granted solely to the federal government.
Decentralists
People who favor state or local action rather than national action.
Distributive Policy
A type of policy that provides benefits to all americans.
Cross-Cutting Cleavages
Divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different.
Direct Democracy
All enfranchised citizens vote on all matters of government.
Decision
A document issued by the court stating who wins the case.
Cross-Cutting Requirements
A technique of congress to establish federal regulations. Federal grants may establish certain conditions that extend to all activities supported by federal funds, regardless of their source. The first and most famous of these is title vi of the 1964 civil rights act, which holds that in the use of federal funds, no person may be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, or national origin. More than 60 cross-cutting requirements concern such matters as the environment, historic preservation, contract wage rates, access to government information, the care of experimental animals, and the treatment of human subjects in research projects.
Dual Federalism (Layer Cake Federalism)
Views the constitution as giving a limited list of powers—primarily foreign policy and national defense—to the national government, leaving the rest to the sovereign states. Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. The supreme court serves as the umpire between the national government and the states in disputes over which level of government has responsibility for a particular activity.
Crossover Voting
Voting by member of one party for a candidate of another party.
Direct Primary
Election in which voters choose party nominees.
Diplomacy
The act of negotiating and dealing with other nations in the world, trying to achieve goals without force.
Cycle Of Decreasing Influence
The tendency of presidents to lose support over time.
Demosclerosis
The inability of the u.S. Government to get anything significant done because interest groups block all major change.
Criminal Law
A law that defines crimes against the public order.
Dissenting Opinion
An opinion disagreeing with a majority in a supreme court ruling.
Defamation Of Character
Unfairly hurting a person's reputation.
Dictatorship
An absolute government in which one person holds all the power and uses it for his or her own self-interest.
Diversity
A mix of different cultural and religious traditions and values.
Divine Right Theory Of Kingship
The view that the monarch is chosen by god to rule with absolute power over a country.
Crossover Sanctions
A technique of congress to establish federal regulations. These sanctions permit the use of federal money in one program to influence state and local policy in another. For example, a 1984 act reduced federal highway aid by up to 15 percent for any state that failed to adopt a minimum drinking age of 21.
Dual Citizenship
Citizenship in more than one nation.
Double Jeopardy
Trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the constitution.
Cycle Of Increasing Effectiveness
The tendency of presidents to learn more about doing their jobs over time.
Docket
The list of potential cases that reach the supreme court.
Demand-Side Economics
An approach to economic policy that stresses stimulation of demand by putting more money in the hands of consumers.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Entitlements
Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.
Excise Tax
Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco.
Entitlement Program
A program under which the federal government is obligated to pay a specified benefit to people who meet certain requirements.
Executive Leadership
The view that the president should have strong influence over the bureaucracy.
Equality Of Opportunity
When all people are given the same chances to compete and achieve so that those with talent and diligence will succeed, whereas others will not.
Faithless Elector
An elector who votes for someone other than the candidate who won the most votes in the state.
Equal Time Rule
A broadcast media regulation that requires media outlets to give equal amounts of time to opposing candidates in an election.
Executive Order
Directive issued by a president or governor that has the force of law.
Empire
A state that governs more than one national group, usually as a result of conquest.
Exclusionary Rule
Requirement that evidence unconstitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial.
Excess Demand
An economic situation in which the demand for something exceeds the supply.
Equity
When all parties to a transaction are treated fairly.
Executive Privilege
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
Duopoly
A term to describe the overwhelming power of the two major parties in american politics.
Ethnicity
A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.
Extradition
Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one states to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.
Faction
A term the founders used to refer to political parties and special interests or interest groups.
Economic Group
An interest group that seeks material benefits for its members.
Earned Income Tax Credit
A federal welfare program that refunds all or part of a poor family's social security tax.
Expressed Powers
The specific powers given to congress or the president by the constitution; also called the enumerated powers.
Express Powers
Powers the constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government.
Establishment Clause
Clause in the first amendment that states that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. The supreme court has interpreted this to forbid governmental support to any or all religions.
Elastic Clause
Clause in article i, section 8, of the constitution that says the congress has the power to do anything that is necessary and proper in order to carry out its explicit powers; also called the necessary and proper clause.
Electoral College
Electoral system used in electing the president and vice president, in which voters vote for electors pledged to cast their ballots for particular party's candidates.
Entitlement Programs
Programs such as unemployment insurance, disability relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.
Elitism/Elite Theory
The view that a small capable group should rule over the rest.
Economic Aid
Assistance to other countries designed to help the recipient's economy.
Executive Office Of The President
The cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the president carry out his responsibilities. Currently the office includes the office of management and budget, the council of economic advisers, and several other units.
Due Process
Established rules and regulations that restrain government officials.
Ex Post Facto Law
Retroactive criminal law that works to the disadvantage of a person.
Equal Rights Amendment
Failed constitutional amendment that would have guaranteed equal protection under the law for women.
Equality Of Outcome
When all people achieve the same result, regardless of talent or effort.
Executive Orders
Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy.
Economic Sanctions
Denial of export, import, or financial relations with the target country in an effort to change that nation's policies.
Effective Tax Rate
The actual percentage of one's income that one pays in taxes, after deductions and tax credits.
Enumerated Powers
The powers expressly given to congress in the constitution.
Ex Post Facto Laws
If allowed, these laws would punish people for actions that occurred before such actions were made criminal.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Economic Growth
The expansion of the economy, leading to the creation of more jobs and more wealth.
Eminent Domain
Power of a government to take private property for public use; the u.S. Constitution gives national and state governments this power and requires them to provide just compensation for property so taken.
"Fairness" Doctrine
A broadcast media regulation that requires a broadcaster that airs a controversial program to also provide airtime to people with an opposing view.
Environmentalism
The belief that humans have an obligation to protect the world from the excesses of human habitation, including pollution and the destruction of wilderness.
Enabling Legislation
A law passed by congress that lays out the general purposes and powers of an agency but grants the agency the power to determine the details of how it implements policy.
Elector
A member of the electoral college.
Environmental Impact Statement
Statement required by federal law from all agencies for any project using federal funds to assess the potential effect of the new construction or development on the environment.
Due Process Clause
Clause in the fifth amendment limiting the power of the national government; similar clause in the fourteenth amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Equal Protection Clause
Clause in the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the fifth amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.
Emergency Powers
Inherent powers exercised by the president to deal with emergencies.
Earmarks
Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of congress for their constituents.
Executive Agreement
A formal agreement between the u.S. President and the leaders of other nations that does not require senate approval.
Section 6
(39 cards)