Section 1
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butter, lard
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (106)
Section 1
(50 cards)
butter, lard
Give two examples of saturated fats
monomer
the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
no true polymers, mix poorly with water, consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions
What three characteristics do all lipids share in common?
sugars starches
Carbohydrates include _______ and _________
hydrogenated oil
hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change the oil from liquid to solid.
saturated fat
type of fat that consists of all single bonded carbons and lots of hydrogens, solid at room temperature, commonly found in animal fats
sucrose
table sugar
olive oil, canola oil
Give two examples of unsaturated fats
maltose
malt sugar
dehydration synthesis
the process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
glucose + fructose
What two monomers make up sucrose?
glucose + galactose
What two monomers make up lactose?
chitin
structural polysaccharide that gives many bugs their exoskeleton
lysis
root word meaning to break
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
isomers
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
cows, termites, fungi
Give three organisms that can digest cellulose
glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
ester linkage
the bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol that forms a lipid
trans fat
An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Name the four major classes of large molecules in living things
hydro
root word meaning water
cellulose
structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls
water
To summarize, when two monomers are joined, a molecule of _____ is always removed
enzymes that are able to digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages are unable to hydrolyze the beta linkages of cellulose because of the distinctly different shapes
Why can you not digest cellulose?
three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule
A fat is composed of _____ and _______
macromolecule
giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction
Carbon-1 of glucose has bonded with Carbon-4 of glucose
What does 1-4 glycosidic linkage mean in terms of carbon numbering?
monomer
Is glucose a monomer or a polymer?
energy storage, structural
Name the two types of polysaccharides
starch
Has 1-4 Beta glucose linkages
unsaturated fat
type of fat that contains a double bonded carbon that causes a bend in structure, commonly found in plants, liquid at room temperature
hydrolysis
the process in which a water molecules added to a polymer in order to break down bonds between two molecules
long term energy storage, insulation, padding, absorb vitamins
List four important functions of fats
glucose
What is this?
fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids
What are the five categories of lipids?
ketone sugar
Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located within the skeleton
lipids
What is the one class of large molecules that does not include macromolecules?
C6H12O6
Give the formula for glucose
monosaccharides
The monomer of carbohydrates
-ose
Root word meaning "full of"
the molecules can't pack close together to solidify due to double bond bend
Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
carbonyl, hydroxyl
All sugars have the same two functional groups, name them
disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
cellulose, chitin
Give two types of polysaccharides used as structural
lactose
milk sugar
glycogen
is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates that is stored in your liver
starch, glycogen
Give two types of polysaccharides used in energy storage
aldehyde sugar
Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located at the end of skeleton
glucose + glucose
What two monomers make up maltose?
Section 2
(50 cards)
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Phospholipids has ______ heads, and ________ tails
nerve cell receptors
Give an example of a receptor protein
insulin
Give an example of a hormonal protein
sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
What are the three components of a nucleic acid
cholesterol
What is this?
amino acid
the monomer of a protein
secondary
Level of protein sequence: hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents in backbone, determined by backbone
helix, pleated sheet
What are the two types of secondary protein structure?
cholesterol, vertebrate sex hormones
Give two examples of a steroid
keratin
Give an example of a structural protein
5' to 3'
Always read mRNA from -- to ---, the end is always with an OH
sickle-cell disease
occurs when there is a change, specifically from glutamic acid to valine acid, in the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of the protein
hydrocarbons
Nonpolar amino acid side chains typically contain ______
nucleic acid
any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
storage
Type of protein: stores amino acids
digestive enzymes
Give an example of an enzymatic protein
structural
Type of protein: support
tertiary structure
Level of protein sequence:
nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
dipeptide bond
two amino acids put together
tertiary
Level of protein sequence: regions repel and attract each other, determined by interactions in R groups
mRna is synthesized in the nucleus, mRNA moves into cytoplasm via nuclear pore, a protein is synthesized by a ribosome by using the correct info carried on mRNA
Give the three detailed steps in which the flow of genetic information is achieved from DNA to RNA to proteins in a cell
antibodies
Give an example of a defensive protein
chaperonins
protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
quaternary structure
Level of protein sequence:
casein
Give an example of a storage protein
amino acid
What is this?
hemoglobin
Give an example of transport protein
cytosine, adenine, thymine, guanine
What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA
the side chain
What is represented by the R group in an amino acid?
hormonal
Type of protein: coordinates organism activities
contractile and motor structural
Type of protein: movement
Hydrocarbons
What are the "tails" of phospholipids made up of which make them hydrophobic?
primary structure
Level of protein sequence:
charged side chains
Electrically charged amino acid side chains typically contain ____________
peptide bond
the covalent bond between the carbonyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another, formed through dehydration reaction
polypeptide
the polymer of a protein
defensive
Type of protein: protects against disease
receptor
Type of protein: response of cell to chemical stimuli
20
How many different types of amino acid side chains are there?
quaternary
Level of protein sequence: two or more polypeptides form into one functional macromolecule
primary
Level of protein sequence: basic amino acid sequence, determined by DNA
actin, myosin
Give two examples of the contractile and motor structural proteins
heat, pH, salts
Give three ways a protein may become denatured
transport
Type of protein: transports substances
denaturation
a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, becoming biologically inactive
enzymatic
Type of protein: accelerates chemical reactions
secondary structure
Level of protein sequence:
OH or SH groups
Polar amino acid side chains typically contain _______
amphipathic
a molecule that has hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions
Section 3
(6 cards)