Section 1
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placing a cell in hypertonic solution causes the cell to
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Cards (336)
Section 1
(50 cards)
placing a cell in hypertonic solution causes the cell to
shrink
concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a substance across a space
sodium-potassium pump
active; protein pump; ions
osmosis -
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration until equilibrium
cell membrane is ____ permeable
semi
cell membrane is made up of
phospholipid bilayer
diffusion -
net movement of particles from an area of their high concentration to an area of their low concentration
structure determines
function
active transport
requires energy (ATP) to transport molecules against a concentration gradient
human physiology
chemistry and physics of these structures and how they all work together to support the processes of life in each individual
dynamic equilibrium
molecules still randomly moving by no change in concentration
multicellular
many different types of cells the cells specialize to perform specific functions
catabolism
breaking down/release energy
placing a cell in an isotonic solution causes the cell to
stay the same
diffusion
passive; needs no help; oxygen, carbon dioxide
endocytosis (pinocytosis)
active; vesicles; hormones
8 characteristics of life
- made of cells - multicellular organisms display organization - all living things obtain and use energy - all living things respond to a stimulus - maintain homeostasis - all living things reproduce - all living things grow and develop - taken as a group, living things evolve
endocytosis (phagocytosis)
active; vesicles; bacterium
exocytosis
active; vesicles; protein
diffusion particles move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _____ concentration
high to low
anabolism
building/absorbing energy
semipermeable
only certain substances can pass through
isotonic
same same same
facilitated diffusion
passive; carrier protein; glucose
unicellular
single celled organisms
osmosis
passive; aquapourin; water
the structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the
plasma membrane
pinocytosis
liquid (cell drinking)
placing a cel in a hypotonic solution causes the cell to
swell
fluid mosaic model
proteins and cholesterol
active
low to high against gradient
3 types of reproduction
budding fragmentation binary fission
peripheral protein
found only on one side
diffusion occurs because
particles are always moving randomly
a cell moves particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration by
active transport
which of the following is NOT a form of passive transport
endocytosis
integral protein
extend through entire membrane
diffusion continues until
equilibrium is reached
if a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by
osmosis
the cell membrane is made up of a
phospholipid bilayer
phagocytosis
solids (cell eating)
cell
smallest living unit that can carry out life
hypertonic
more solute outside cell; less solute in cell; next movement will be out
human anatomy
science of the human body's structures
hypotonic
less solute outside of cell; more solute in cell; next movement in
cholesterol
affects fluidity of membranes
selectively permeable
different cells have different needs
passive
high to low with gradient
homeostasis #DEEP
stable environment despite changes in external environment
concentration
amount of substance in a certain place
Section 2
(50 cards)
superior
above or higher than another part
jargon
set of words and phrases that people who know a lot about a particular subject use to talk together
oral
mouth
longitudinal section
created when sagittal plane runs through any point
human pathophysiology
science of "human anatomy and physiology gone wrong"
caudal
near or toward the tail
costal
ribs
cranial
skull
axial body
runs right down the center axis and consists of everything except limbs
clinical medicine
application of medical science to alleviate an anatomical or physiological problem in an individual human
medial or median
toward the middle of body
cephalic
head
occipital
back of head
cuts
section
inferior
below or lower than another part
transverse plane
divides horizontally, top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
sagittal plane
divides lengthwise into right and left sections
dorsal
back or towards the back of the body
anterior
front or toward the front of the body
mammary
breast
anatomical position
arms at sides, palms facing forward
proximal
nearer to the point of the body
posterior
back or towards the back of the body
developmental anatomy
study of life cycle of the individual, from fertilized egg through adulthood, senescence (aging), and death
nasal
nose
cervical
neck
plane
flat surface and that a straight line can run between two points on that flat surface
deep
farther from the surface of the body
midsagittal plane
vertical plane runs exactly down the middle of the body
superficial
nearer to the surface of the body
greek for suffering
path-
cross sections
transverse planes go anywhere
ventral
front or toward the front of the body
distal
farther from the trunk of the body
histologic anatomy
study of different tissue types and the cells that comprise them. it uses a variety of microscopes to study these cells and tissues that make up the body
taxonomy
science of evolutionary relationships, expressed as a series of mutually exclusive categories
comparative anatomy
study of similarities and differences among the anatomical structures of different species, including extinct. closely related to evolutionary biology
axillary
armpit
appendicular body
consists of appendages, aka, upper and lower extremities
ophthalmic
orbital, eyes
central
near center of body or middle of an organ
frontal plane
divides body or organ into front (anterior) portion and a rear (posterior) portion
biology
science of living beings and their relationship with the rest of the universe, including all living things
regions
compartmentalize body's surface, refers to certain area
supine
lying on the back, face up
frontal
forehead
lateral
on the side or toward the side of the body
prone
lying on the stomach, facedown
peripheral
away from the midline of body or organ
gross anatomy
study of the large parts of an animal body that can be seen with the unaided eye
Section 3
(50 cards)
pelvic organs
reproductive organs, bladder, rectum, lower portion of intestines
dorsal cavity
central nervous system
umbilical
area around navel (umbilicus)
pectoral
chest
patellar
front of knee
atoms
all matter is composed of
femoral
thigh
celiac
abdomen
spinal cavity
space within vertebrae where spinal cord runs through the body
abdomino pelvic cavity
organs of abdomen and pelvic
elements
composed of only one atom
hypogastric
below the stomach an in central part of abdomen, just below navel
thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
ventral cavity
divided by diaphragm
epithelial tissue (epithelium)
lines inside of organs within the body and covers the body
organism
level of the individual body
nervous system
transmits impulses and forms nerves
cubital
elbow
groin
area of pelvis near thigh
chondral
cartilage
organ systems
groups of organs that work together
inguinal
bend of hip
hypo
below
tissue
structure made of many cells that perform a specific function
electrons
move in orbits around the center of the atom
crural
leg, from knee to ankle
popliteal
back of knee
vertebral
backbone
lumbar (abdominopelvic cavity)
forms the region of the lower back to right and left of umbilical region
gluteal
buttocks
sternal
breast bone
levels of organization
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
connective tissue
serves to support body parts and bind them together
palmar
palm
perineal
area between anus and external genitalia
tarsal
ankle
abdominal organs
stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen and most of intestines
hypochondriac
lies to the right and left of the epigastric region and just below cartilage of rib cage
epigastric
above the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen, just above the navel
pelvic
area between hip bones
sacral
end of vertebral column
lumbar
lower back
organ
part of body that performs a specialized physiological function; made up of at least two different tissue types
antebrachial
forearm
pedal
foot
illiac
lies to right and left of hypogastric regions near hipbones
brachial
arm
muscle tissue
allow your body parts to move; in the walls of hallow organs to help move their contents along
carpal
wrist
cranial cavity
space within skull that holds brain
Section 4
(50 cards)
solvent
dissolves other substances
find cellulose in
plants
protons
positively charged mass
chemical reaction
process is determined by the number of electrons found in the outermost energy level of the atom
protein
adhesion
water's ability to stick to other substances
activation energy
energy required to make reaction happen
most important carb
glucose
acids
solute
dissolved by solvent
dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
loss or removal of one water molecule
where do u find phospholipids
cell membrane walls
example of polysaccharides
cellulose
monomer
building blocks of macromolecule
four macromolecules
carbs lipids proteins nucleic acids
element name
name
hydrolysis
addition of one water molecule
bonds between oxygen and hydrogen
polar covalent bonds
amino acid
organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.
pH
atomic number equals
protons or electron
carbs are made of
sugars
hydrogen bond
bond between water molecules
enzyme
special shape = special function
lipid can't do in water
dissolve
polymer
made of many monomers
polar molecule
unequal sharing of electrons within a molecule
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
macromolecule
ionic bond
transfer atoms
products
when a substrate is broken down
covalent bond
share atoms
reactants
last number
atomic mass
neutrons
have no charge and therefore called neutral
two examples of triglyceride
saturated and unsaturated fats
molecule
a group of atoms bonded together
lipid
macromolecule that gives long term energy storage
compound
two examples of carbs
sucrose and fructose
substrate
monomer or building block or a larger molecule
letter
symbol
bases
8-14
catalysts
speeds up chemical reactions
carbohydrate
ion
top number on periodic table
atomic number
use of carbs
sources for energy and stores energy
bonds between water molecules
hydrogen bonds
atomic mass equals
protons and neutrons
Section 5
(50 cards)
altas
C-1
isomer
same formula, different structures
How do we describe matter?
size shape constancy color smell
protein elements
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
shape determines function
proteins
simplest monosaccharide
glucose
parietal
intensive
does not depend on amount of matter
occipital
physical changes
do not change chemical make up of substance
what causes denature
pH and heat
which has kinks
unsaturated
chemical property
any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability/inability to undergo a change that alters composition
extensive
depends on amount of matter
compound
two or more different elements are chemically bonded together
frontal
element
substance composed of a single king of atom; cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means
table sugar
sucrose
atomic mass
# of protons and neutrons in nucleus
simplest type of carbohydrate
monosaccharide
axis
C-2
two examples of proteins
enzymes and antibodies
maxilla
atomic number
# protons in nucleus # electrons surrounding the nucleus
more than one bond
polyunsaturated
gases
shape of container; able to be compressed; move freely at high speeds; space between
carbs elements
carbon hydrogen oxygen
mandible
long chains of amino acids are
polypeptides
liquid
shape of container; not able to be compressed; can move past each other; no regular arrangement
nasal
how many amino acids are there
20
zygomatic
monomer of lipids
fatty acid
physical property
properties that can be observed without changing chemical nature
zygomatic arch
proteins are not functional until which level of folding
third
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
cervical
carb monomer
glucose
phospholipid
major component of animal and plant cell membranes
chitin
fungi cell walls
starch is used for
plant energy storage
glycogen
energy storage for animals
mixture
two or more substances mixed together
temporal
solid
own shape; not able to be compressed; move slightly from place to place; no space between
one bond
monounsaturated
chemical changes
change chemical make up of the substances chemical reactions
sphenoid
Section 6
(50 cards)
pubis
femur
body
thoracic
head
trochlear notch
acetabulum
metacarpals
tibia
phalanges
tibial tuberosity
shaft
false ribs
true ribs
head
glenoid fossa
xiphoid process
manubrium
floating ribs
lumbar
lateral condyle
acromion
greater trochanter
coccyx
vertebral foraman
ischium
neck
medial malleolus
spine
carpals
medial condyle
ilium
sacrum
head
head
trochlea
olecranon fossa
patella
ulna
spinous process
body
transverse process
clavicle
coracoid process
radius
fibula
symphysis pubis
olecranon
capitulum
iliac crest
Section 7
(50 cards)
callus formation
within a few days; phagocytic cells clean up dead cells - cartilage matrix is created - spongy bone begins to form
tarsals
talus
bony callus formation
within a week; spongy bone is converted to compact bone- continues for another 2 months
proximal epiphysis
metatarsals
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
over secretion of hGH
giantism
chemical bonds
an attempt to fill electron shells
spongy bone is replaced every ___ years
3-4
hormones
mainly hGH (produced in pituitary gland)
Bone Repair steps
hematoma formation; callus formation; bony callus formation; bone remodeling
ionic bond
bond formed between two ions by transfer of electrons
periosteum
calcaneus
spine
a large rounded protrusion
minerals include
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
octet rule
atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons so as to have 8 valence electrons
compact bone is replaced every __ years
10
remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone with new bone tissue
2 negative feedback mechanisms
calcium ion homeostasis in the blood responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on skeleton
osteoclasts
removal - responsible for reposition of bone tissue
tuberosity
usually rough, elevated area
four components of axial system
skull, spine, ribs, sternum
What do dot diagrams show?
show valence electrons around an atom
valence electron
electrons in the outermost level of an atom
spongy bone
each week ___ of bone mass is recycled
7%
remodeling is controlled by
2 negative feedback mechanisms
foramen
opening or hole
four basic types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
four components of the appendicular skeleton
shoulders arms hips legs
hematoma formation
immediately; blood vessels and periosteum is torn
process
any projection from the surface
phalanges
trochanter
a large blunt process on the femur
distal epiphysis
medullary cavity
bone remodeling
continuing for several months after
lateral malleolus
yellow marrow
fossa
depression or groove
under secretion of hGH
dwarfism
endosteum
condyle
narrow or pointed projection
articular cartilage
five functions of the skeletal system
movement. support, protection, makes blood, storage
osteoblast
deposit - bone-making cells
vitamins include
C, A, and D
Section 8
(50 cards)
5
penta
clay triangle
graduated cylinder
test tube
volumetric flask
erlenmeyer flask
7
hepta
diatomic elements
some elements form covalent bonds to another atom of the same element in order to be stable Br I N Cl H O F
bonds between atoms that make up a polyatomic atom are
covalent bonds
ionic compounds are made up of
nonmetals and metals
polar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared but shared unequally
crucible tongs use
to pick up and hold crucible
crucible tongs
test tube holder
how do acid formulas start
start w hydrogen
when do positive ions form?
when the number of electrons are less than the number of protons
8
octa
wash bottle
wire gauze
beaker use
as a container, cup, stirring, mixing, pouring, and heating
covalent bonds
bond formed by sharing electrons
watch glass
what do acids release when dissolved
H+ ions
naming covalent bonds
first element in formula name second w suffix -ide add prefixes to tell how many
ring stand and ring
evaporating dish
6
hexa
test tube use
can be heated; mixing; watching reactions
crucible and cover
graduated cylinder use
to measure volume
polyatomic ions
an ion made up of more than one atom
10
deca
nonpolar covalent bonds
when electrons are shared equally
test tube rack
how are covalent bonds form?
sharing electron pairs
mortar and pestle
2
di
clay triangle use
to support the crucible
naming ionic compounds
write cation then anion, anion ends with -ide for polyatomic ions, just write as appear on table
1
mono
9
nona
spot plate
bunsen burner
covalent compounds are made up of
nonmetals
4
tetra
3
tri
beaker
metals lose electrons to match the number of valence electrons of their
nearest noble gas
test tube rack use
to hold test tubes upright
2 types of acids
binary acids and oxyacids
Section 9
(36 cards)