Section 1
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Epidemiology
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (63)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Epidemiology
The branch of medical science that is concerned with identifying, fighting, and preventing disease.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society
Population Composition
Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education
Epidemiological transition
The a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries' population change.
Age Distribution
is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristic of a country, whether high guest worker population, they just had a war or a deadly disease and more.
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
J-curve
This is when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a ___ curve. This is important because if the population grows exponentially our resource use will go up exponentially and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more.
Carrying Capacity
The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support.
Child Mortality Rate
DEF - Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life. EX. Child mortality rate for the world in 2009 was 60 per 1,000 children under age 5. This was an improvement from 89 deaths per 1,000 children in 1990.
Major Population Clusters -- Southeast Asia
600 million people: Indonesia, Philippines, and the river deltas of the Indochina peninsula
S-Curve
DEF - traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape as the letter "___"
Ecumene
the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.
Cornucopians
DEF In the late 1980s, when many argued that stricter population controls needed to be placed on countries with high TFR in order to stimulate development, many economists argued that INCREASING POPULATIONS STIMULATE RATHER THAN HINDER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Cornucopians believe that with increasing populations come increasing opportunities for innovation.
Megalopolis
Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world.
Overpopulation
a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social, medical, and economic conditions.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)
Sterilization
any process that eliminates a person's ability to produce children
Sustainability
the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
Major Population Clusters -- East Asia
1/4 global population: East China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan
Population Pyramid
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
Major Population Clusters -- South Asia
1/4 of global population: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Industrial Revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
Census
A complete enumeration of a population
Dependency ratio
the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people in the workforce
Doubling Time
the number of years it takes for an area's population to double
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Standard of living
Goods and services and their distribution within a population
Zero population growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Infant Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society
One Child Policy
Chinese policy used to control population growth which began in the 1980's and restricted families to having only one child.
Medical Revolution
medical technology from Europe and North America that was used to eliminate many diseases in the developing world
Family Planning
The practice of controlling the number and frequency of children conceived usually through the use of contraception or voluntary sterilization.
Demographic Transition Model
the process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates
demographic equation
equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population during a certain period of time, also taking into account net migration and natural increase
Sex ratio
the ratio of men to women
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
Demographic momentum
The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
Population Density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
contraception
methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy.
Major Population Clusters -- Europe
600 million people: 50 countries mostly clustered in Western Europe in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France
agricultural revolution
the development of farming; there have been several throughout history.
Cairo Conference
DEF - 1994 conference in Cairo that recommended stabilizing world population growth. EX - The plan calls for improved health care and family planning services for women, children and families throughout the world, and also emphasizes the importance of education for girls as a factor in the shift to smaller families.
Population Distribution
Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live
Dr. John Snow
(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic
Section 2
(13 cards)